Effects of lossy compression on remote sensing image classification of forest areas

Lossy compression is being increasingly used in remote sensing; however, its effects on classification have scarcely been studied. This paper studies the implications of JPEG (JPG) and JPEG 2000 (J2K) lossy compression for image classification of forests in Mediterranean areas. Results explore the impact of the compression on the images themselves as well as on the obtained classification. The results indicate that classifications made with previously compressed radiometrically corrected images and topoclimatic variables are not negatively affected by compression, even at quite high compression ratios. Indeed, JPG compression can be applied to images at a compression ratio (CR, ratio between the size of the original file and the size of the compressed file) of 10:1 or even 20:1 (for both JPG and J2K). Nevertheless, the fragmentation of the study area must be taken into account: in less fragmented zones, high CR are possible for both JPG and J2K, but in fragmented zones, JPG is not advisable, and when J2K is used, only a medium CR is recommended (3.33:1 to 5:1). Taking into account that J2K produces fewer artefacts at higher CR, the study not only contributes with optimum CR recommendations, but also found that the J2K compression standard (ISO 15444-1) is better than the JPG (ISO 10918-1) when applied to image classification. Although J2K is computationally more expensive, this is no longer a critical issue with current computer technology.     

基于移动GIS的城市绿化信息采集系统的设计与实现

针对目前绿化信息采集过程中存在的数据采集不准确、不规范和周期长等一系列问题,设计了一个从地图下载、数据采集到数据更新的绿化数据采集流程,并开发了绿化信息采集系统,通过与服务器的交互实现了地图下载、数据采集、空间查询和空间分析等功能,简化了绿化信息采集流程,提高了数据采集的效率。     

山东省前寒武纪地层形成时代——同位素地质测年的证据

精确同位素地质测年结果表明,沂水岩群形成时代为2 760～2 700Ma,泰山岩群雁翎关岩组、柳杭岩组下亚组和孟家屯岩组形成时代为2 750～2 700Ma,均属新太古代早期;泰山岩群柳杭岩组上亚组、山草峪岩组形成时代为2 600～2 540Ma（被峄山岩套石英闪长岩和傲徕山岩套二长花岗岩侵入）,济宁岩群岩浆锆石年龄（2 561±24）Ma,均属新太古代晚期。荆山群和粉子山群的形成时代为古元古代晚期。芝罘群碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄（1 658±32）Ma、（1 792±43）Ma,形成时代为中元古代。云台岩群花果山组碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄800～740Ma,形成时代为新元古代。     

Predicting landslide sliding distance based on energy dissipation and mass point kinematics

Natural Hazards - Based on classical mechanics and the law of energy conservation, we present a model for predicting landslide sliding distance. We conceptualize landslide movement as the movement...     

Horizontal and vertical components of earthquake ground motions at liquefiable sites

Field observations on ground motions from recent earthquakes imply that current knowledge is limited with regard to relating vertical and horizontal motions at liquefiable sites. This paper describes a study with the purpose of clarifying this emerging issue to some extent. A series of numerical analyses is carried out on a liquefiable soil deposit with a verified, fully coupled, nonlinear procedure. It is shown that the transformation of vertical motions in the deposit differs considerably from the transformation of horizontal motions. Both the amplitude and frequency content of the horizontal motions are strongly dependent on the shaking level or the associated nonlinear soil behavior. The transfer function for vertical motions is however likely to be independent of the intensity of input motions; no reduction in the amplitude occurs even in the case of strong shaking. The results are shown to be in consistence with the laboratory observations on shaking table tests and recent field observations that less nonlinearity exists for vertical motions. It is also shown that the possibility exists for using information on spectral ratios between the horizontal and vertical surface motions to quickly identify in situ soil behavior and liquefaction that are not readily covered by conventional field or laboratory experimentation procedures.     

Study of the interaction between dry granular flows and rigid barriers with an SPH model

This study uses an incompressible smoothed‐particle hydrodynamics model to investigate the interaction between dry granular material flows and rigid barriers. The primary aim is to summarise some practical guidelines for the design of debris‐resisting barriers. The granular materials are modelled as a rigid‐perfectly plastic material where the plastic flow corresponds to the critical state. The coupled continuity equation and momentum equation are solved by a semi‐implicit algorithm. Compared with flows in controlled flume experiments, the model adequately reproduces both the kinetic of the flows and the impact force under various conditions. Then the numerical simulations are used to study the detailed interaction process. It is illustrated quantitatively that the interaction force consists of two parts, ie, the earth pressure force caused by the weight of the soil and a dynamic force caused by the internal deformation (flowing mass on top of a dead zone). For the estimation of impact load, this study suggests that an increased earth pressure coefficient depending on the Froude number should be incorporated into the hydrostatic model.     

Soil moisture dynamics under different land uses on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi,China

Temporal and spatial dynamics of soil moisture are little known on karst hillslope with shallow soil in subtropical region. The objectives of this paper were (1) to investigate the temporal dynamics of soil moisture at depth of 0–10 cm under different land uses; and (2) to understand the relationship between mean and coefficient of variation (CV) of moisture contents on karst hillslope in northwest Guangxi, China. Soil moisture contents had a moderate variation (CV 17.5–30.3%) over an 8-month period and they had a significant difference among different land uses at the 0.01 level with a decreasing order: native scrubland > abandoned cropland and sloping cropland > economic forestland. There were higher mean and lower CV of moisture contents in rainy season than those in drought season. Mean and CV of moisture contents had a significant negative linear relationship except in abandoned cropland with higher soil and vegetation heterogeneity. This suggested that spatial variability of soil moisture within sampling sites would decrease when soils were wet and increase when soils were arid. Compared with rainy season, more soil samples may be needed and the interval for sampling should be shortened in drought season. Such information provided some insights to better understand the dynamics and variability of soil moisture at a larger scale in karst region of southwest China.     

SIRT法层析成像在某核电站岩溶区的应用

本文阐述了联合迭代法的基本原理,通过4种典型速度模型的数值模拟实验,验证该方法的有效性。以最短路径法做正演,联合迭代法做反演对某核电站岩溶区的井间声波CT探测资料进行成像,最后给出溶洞可能存在的位置。     

“余太翠”玉的成分及结构研究

“余太翠”玉因产于内蒙古巴彦淖尔市乌拉特前旗大余太地区而得名。采用偏光显微镜、X射线粉末衍射仪、电子探针等研究方法,对白色、绿色、黄色、紫色系列的“佘太翠”玉样品的矿物组成、化学成分、显微结构和呈色机理等进行了测试与研究。结果表明,“佘太翠”玉视颜色品种不同,组成矿物略有差异。除白色品种的“余太翠”玉以白云石（质量分数高于60％）为主要矿物外,其它颜色品种的均以石英为主要矿物,石英的质量分数约占80％以上。“佘太翠”玉的次要矿物主要有云母、方解石、长石、赤铁矿、叶蜡石、伊利石、高岭石等。绿色“佘太翠”玉在查尔斯滤色镜下变红,主要由铬云母致色,属东陵石;白色品种“佘太翠”玉为白云石玉,而黄色的及其它颜色的品种为石英岩玉。