Correcting method of eddy covariance fluxes over non-flat surfaces and its application in ChinaFLUX

Although Eddy Covariance (EC) technique is one of the best methods for estimating the energy and mass exchanges between underlying surface and atmosphere in micrometeorology, errors and uncertainties still exist without necessary corrections. In this paper, we will focus on the effect of coordinate system on the eddy fluxes. Based on the data observed over four sites (one farmland site, one grassland site and two forest sites), the effects of three coordinate system transforming methods (Double Rotation-DR, Triple Rotation-TR and Planar Fit-PF)on the turbulent fluxes are analyzed. It shows that (i) the corrected fluxes are more or less than the uncorrected fluxes, which is related mainly to the sloping degree of surface, wind speed and wind direction; and (ii) pitch angle has a sinusoidal dependence on wind direction, especially in the regular sloping terrain; and (iii) PF method is something like the simplification of TR or DR,and there are not obvious distinctions in correction in sloping grassland and flat farmland, but PF method is not suitable for uneven and irregular forest sites.     

Soil respiration in tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China

With the static opaque chamber and gas chromatography technique, from January 2003 to January 2004 soil respiration was investigated in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna, SW China. In this study three treatments were applied, each with three replicates: A (bare soil), B (soil+litter), and C (soil+litter+seedling). The results showed that soil respiration varied seasonally, low from December 2003 to February 2004, and high from June to July 2004. The annual average values of CO2 efflux from soil respiration differed among the treatments at 1% level, with the rank of C (14642 mgCO2· m-2. h-1)＞B (12807 mgCO2· m-2. h-1)＞A (9532 mgCO2· m-2. h-1). Diurnal variation in soil respiration was not apparent due to little diurnal temperate change in Xishuangbanna. There was a parabola relationship between soil respiration and soil moisture at 1% level. Soil respiration rates were higher when soil moisture ranged from 35% to 45%. There was an exponential relationship between soil respiration and soil temperature (at a depth of 5cm in mineral soil) at 1% level. The calculated Q1o values in this study,ranging from 2.03 to 2.36, were very near to those of tropical soil reported. The CO2 efflux in 2003was 5.34 kgCO2· m-2. a-1 from soil plus litter plus seedling, of them 3.48 kgCO2· m-2. a-1 from soil (accounting for 62.5%), 1.19 kgCO2· m-2. a-1 from litter (22.3%) and 0.67 kgCO2·m-2. a-1 from seedling (12.5%).     

生态足迹模型在山区生态可持续评价中的初步应用--以1999年北京西部山区为例

在剖析生态足迹分析法的理论基础上，进一步考虑不同消费水平对生态足迹时空变异的影响，划分农村居民和城镇居民两类不同的消费群体，分别计算各自的生态足迹，其次进一步细化模型中人均水资源足迹，从而构建生态足迹与生态容量平衡模型。根据平衡模型计算出生态盈亏，得出区域生态持续性评价结果。并以1999年北京西部山区门头沟区为例，进行模型计算和生态可持续评价，结果表明1999年门头沟区处于生态赤字状态，说明该区生态系统处于不可持续状态。在对门头沟区的初步研究基础上，指出生态足迹作为山区生态可持续评价指标的优点及当前存在的缺点。     

惠民凹陷沙三段岩性油藏勘探中地震技术的应用

针对惠民凹陷岩性油藏勘探存在的难题,开展了岩性油藏勘探技术研究。以地震、地质资料为基础,采用井震联合及小波变换技术,完善了层序地层等时格架建立方法,确定了各三角洲的时空展布规律。应用多元综合标定、地震相划分、正演模拟和测井约束反演一系列技术,实现了不同沉积类型有利砂体的描述。形成了适合惠民凹陷沙三段岩性油藏勘探的技术系列,可以指导惠民凹陷沙三段岩性油藏的勘探。     

山东诸城地区下白垩统一新类型鸟类足迹

1931年,Mehl报道的来自Dakota Group的Ignotornis mcconnelli是第一个被广泛接受的中生代鸟类足迹。目前,亚洲、北美洲、欧洲、非洲和南美洲都有白垩纪鸟类足迹的报道,尤其以东亚地区最为丰富。山东诸城张祝河湾恐龙足迹点保存了一枚完整的鸟类足迹,本文对该鸟类足迹进行了详细描述与对比。研究认为,该鸟类足迹区别于以往发现的鸟类足迹,根据其形态建立了新种：玲珑诸城鸟足迹Zhuchengornipes exquisitus。玲珑诸城鸟足迹造迹者可能为滨鸟类,形成于干旱气候下的滨浅湖环境。     

松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组生排烃扩张微米孔/缝的发现及其意义

笔者等通过电子背散射、二次成像和能谱分析,结合薄片和反射显微镜观察,发现松辽盆地古龙凹陷青山口组页岩中发育了大量由生排烃扩张形成的微米孔和微米缝。生排烃高压扩张微米孔的特点有：①一般只发育在超高压的页岩油储层中;②一般只发育在黏土质长英页岩中,纯黏土岩少见;③多为近圆形或半圆形,直径多在0. 5 μm到数微米,一般1~2 μm,最大可达8 μm;④孔缘一般为以绿泥石为主的黏土,形成不连续的圈环;圈环上缘的黏土多呈弧形或眉状,绿泥石化明显,在背散射图像中呈亮色;⑤孔内多有自生的纳米级葡萄状或豆渣状黏土,是构成封存油气的物质基础;⑥生排烃高压扩张微米孔可以组合成4种类型：即垂向联结成垂直的排烃烟囱型、垂向联结成倾斜的排烃烟囱型、水平联结成顺层的排烃管型和竖面上联结成更大的片状大孔型。排烃烟囱直或微曲,直立或倾斜;宽1~3 μm,最宽可达200 μm;高十几到30 μm,最大可达1500 μm;顶部多与顺层微米缝（或毫米缝）联结,是排烃烟囱的最终泄压和泄油气的总库;生排烃扩张微米孔孔隙度变化大,面孔率一般在5%~6%,局部面孔率最高可达39. 66%。生排烃高压扩张微米缝的特点有：①一般只发育在超高压的页岩油储层中;②一般只发育在黏土质长英页岩中,纯黏土岩少见;③多以顺页理为主的微米缝为主;④略曲的张性缝,多呈锯齿状,绕过刚性矿物;⑤宽度多在0. 5 μm到数十微米;最宽可达150 μm;⑥多与黄铁矿、白云石、磷灰石等自生矿物伴生;⑦多与生排烃扩张微米孔和排烃烟囱相连。生排烃扩张微米孔缝的形成动力主要有两种：一种是烃类流体的高压扩张力;第二种是烃类流体的化学溶蚀力。笔者等计算了形成这种生排烃微米孔和微米缝的压力,形成生排烃扩张微米孔从1500 m的44. 74 MPa到2500 m深的74. 81 MPa;形成生排烃扩张微米缝的排烃压力稍大,在相同深度比形成生排烃扩张微米孔大3 MPa。生排烃扩张微米孔缝与其他孔缝相连构成了一个储运网络,使储层的储集能力和渗透性大幅增加,是可动用储量的主要贡献者,为古龙页岩油的开发创造了有利条件。生排烃扩张微米孔缝的发现对于古龙页岩油的勘探开发具有重要意义,同时对于页岩油储层的研究具有启发作用。     

重庆市江津区地下管线普查及更新

地下管线是城市基础设施的重要组成部分.随着现代化进程的发展,地下管线已发展到包括电力、电信、给水、排水、燃气、热力、工业等多类别布局复杂的管线网.但由于历史及现实的各种原因,我国许多城市地下管线管理普遍滞后于城市发展需求,地下管线资料残缺不全,已有的资料精度不高或者与实际不符,在工程建设中经常发生损坏地下管线的严重事故...     

Seasonal and Interdecadal Variations of Heat Transport over the Northern Hemisphere

1Introduction Theglobalclimatechangehasbeenoneoftheprob lemschallengingtheworldinrecentyears.TheweatherandclimateonEarthhasbeeninvariationontimescalesfromseasonaltomillennialorevenlonger.ResearchesonvariationsofweatherandclimateintheNorthernHemispherehave…     

基于单视影像的地下通道3维重构方法

地下通道(包括隧道、巷道等)是一类重要的构筑物,重构其3维几何模型对于构建数字化操作平台有着重要的意义.在给定一个初始3维几何模型的条件下,利用地下通道影像上的线特征,通过人工交互方式获取相机的外方位元素及确定通道最终3维几何模型的参数,然后利用单视几何原理,通过反投影像点坐标即可计算得到详细准确的地下通道3维模型.实验表明该方法简捷有效,可以在实践中加以推广.     

好氧颗粒污泥系统快速启动试验研究

采用3组圆柱型SBR反应器进行活性污泥颗粒化培养,接种浓度分别为12 500mg.L-1,4 400mg.L-1和1 800mg.L-1。由于采用逐步缩短沉降时间这一有效措施,系统启动20d后,颗粒污泥初步形成,污泥浓度可达到6 000~8 000mg.L-1,高于普通活性污泥系统,且沉降性能良好,SVI值在50mL.g-1左右。颗粒污泥的平均粒径稳定在0.2~0.25mm。在活性污泥颗粒化的启动试验中,在生物化学条件相同的条件下,逐步缩短沉淀时间可以加快好氧污泥颗粒化系统的启动。