渤海湾盆地文安斜坡高温热流体活动与油气藏形成

为了研究渤海湾盆地上古生界(C-P)煤系地层油气藏形成和分布的规律，本文通过流体包裹体均一温度、盐度、成份的分析和有机质热演化、粘土矿物转化的研究，对渤海湾盆地文安斜坡苏桥凝析油气田高温热流体的活动和戍藏机理进行了探讨。文安斜坡的流体包裹体分为两期，第一期流体包裹体的盐度为2．2～3．85wt％NaCl，均一温度在91～157℃之间、代表了正常地温梯度和埋藏条件下的古地温；第二期流体包裹体的盐度为4．3～6、85wt％NaCl，均一温度在141～312℃之间．是地下高温热流体活动的结果。高温热流体是由第三纪时期辉绿岩侵入上古生界，引起地层水热对流形成的。高温热流体沿断层、不整合和储层构成的输导系统活动时，加速了粘土矿物的转化，提高了有机质的成熟度，扩大了生油窗的范围。而有机质在生烃过程中释放出的短链羧酸，溶蚀储层中的铝硅酸盐和碳酸盐矿物，形成次生孔隙。统计表明、文安斜坡石炭-二叠系镜质组反射率R。％与第二期流体包裹体的均一温度戍正相关关系，R。％异常高值带对应着储层的异常高孔隙发育带。热流体的活动有利于油气的生成、储层次生孔隙的产生、富烃热流体的运移。并使其在第三纪二次生烃和成藏．热流体活动的地区就是油气聚集的有利地区。     

南黄海盆地含烃热液流体活动：流体包裹体证据

南黄海盆地勿南沙隆起古生界地层的地热和地球化学异常一直受到众多地质学家和地球化学家的关注。本文联用显微测温和激光拉曼光谱技术对南黄海盆地勿南沙隆起的常州（CZ）-2-1井二叠系栖霞组灰岩石英脉中的流体包裹体进行了详细研究。根据岩石学特征、室温下包裹体相态特征和成分差别,这些包裹体可以分成三大类六小类。流体包裹体拉曼光谱分析结果表明包裹体中含有甲烷和有机物,证明了该区曾经有含烃类流体活动。显微测温分析表明流体包裹体的均一温度在214℃～305℃之间,远高于该区正常沉积的盆地古地温,暗示包裹体捕获了热液流体。根据岩石学观察和测温分析结果,样品中主要存在三期流体包裹体,其均一温度和流体的甲烷浓度分别为：214℃,0．1347mol／L;265℃,0．1722mol／L;305℃,0．3370mol/L。包裹体甲烷浓度随均一温度升高呈增大的趋势。本次研究证实南黄海盆地勿南沙隆起区曾存在含烃热液流体活动,这些实验结果可以为合理解释热异常和地球化学异常提供证据。     

Extent and nature of hydrocarbon occurrence in the groundwater of Kuwait

A study, aimed at characterizing the nature of anthropogenic and biogenic hydrocarbon contamination in the groundwater of Kuwait, was carried out using fluorescence spectroscopy and other analytical techniques. The results of these analyses have demonstrated that the groundwater in certain areas of northern Kuwait has been significantly impacted by contamination originating from the oil-contaminated surface soils. The study revealed that a water-soluble fraction (WSF) of the crude oil surface contamination appeared to be slowly leaching into the freshwater lenses located in the area. The study also showed that hydrocarbon pollutants were practically absent in the brackish water areas of central and southern Kuwait, except for a few isolated sites. However, nonpetroleum hydrocarbons, with ultraviolet-visible absorption characteristics and fluorescence characteristics typically associated with humic substances, were observed at a few sites in the brackish water fields.     

Geofluid dynamic concept of hydrocarbon accumulation in natural reservoirs

Most modern theories axiomatically assume that hydrocarbons (HCs), which migrate in different ways from the generation zones and sources with high gradients of reduced pressures, concentrate in autochthonous natural reservoirs possessing smaller levels of reservoir energy. Hydraulic drainage of reservoirs is possible in principle through only three mechanisms: (i) horizontally oriented regional elisional water flow upwards, along the plunge of general folding from central parts of basins towards their peripheral frames; (ii) owing to the effect of lateral pressure of groundwater immediately in traps, with subsequent pushing out by high-pressure fluids supplied to the sunken parts of folds; (iii) vertically directed, from bottom to top, overflow injection mechanism. The study of their possible implementations and relative ratios in the outcome comprise the content of the proposed fluid-dynamic concept of HC accumulation.     

塔东古生界储层中流体包裹体特征

塔东地区不同构造带上代表性钻井下古生界储层的流体包裹体拉曼光谱成分表明,大量液态烃、气液两相烃、含烃盐水及沥青存在于下古生界储层中,表明英吉苏凹陷曾经有过油气的生成,古城鼻隆和塔东低凸起曾经有过油气的充注。米兰1井与古城4井含烃流体包裹体拉曼成分的不同,说明它们可能具有不同的油气来源。古城4井寒武系与奥陶系储层中流体包裹体成分的明显差异,表明二者间存在流体封隔层。     

民和盆地巴州坳陷储集层的孔隙发育特征

笔者根据岩石铸体薄片、电镜扫描和物性等资料分析,通过对民和盆地巴州坳陷储集层孔隙发育特征的研究,认为巴州坳陷的白垩系—中上侏罗统储集层的孔隙空间可分为六种基本类型,形成四种孔隙组合关系。储集层的孔隙发育特征决定了储集层的物理性质。     

塔中地区奥陶系埋藏热液溶蚀流体活动及其对深部储层的改造作用

基于矿物流体包裹体均一化温度、热液矿物分布及其地球化学特征等,识别出了塔中地区重点研究井段埋藏热液溶蚀流体化学性质,探讨其在纵横向的分布及流动特征。研究表明,(1)埋藏热液溶蚀流体在塔中地区较为活跃,并对碳酸盐岩储层有着良好的改造效应,油气勘探前景广阔;(2)北东-南西向走滑断裂发育地带有利于埋藏热液溶蚀流体的注入,研究区TZ45以及TZ82-TZ16井区均是埋藏热液溶蚀流体异常活跃地带。同时,研究还认为,早期表生岩溶作用产生的溶洞体系将被后期埋藏压实作用部分破坏,而其残余空间往往是埋藏热液溶蚀流体进入储层的优势通道,继而发生溶蚀改造扩大溶洞空间。因此,在塔里木深部碳酸盐岩储层的勘探过程中,应充分重视挤压背景下张性断裂的发育及其热流体疏导效应,如走滑断裂强烈活动地带;同时应着重注意多期不同性质流体的叠加改造效应,这些区域可作为优选勘探目标。     

Formation of hydrocarbon reservoirs in the deep Earth's crust

Formation of reservoirs in crystalline rocks is associated with the development of rifts, with the periodic axial plunge of the rift floor during the extension of the Earth's crust, and with the elevation of consolidated basement masses during a compression phase.     

南堡凹陷老爷庙油田新近系储层特征与油气成藏

南堡凹陷老爷庙油田新近系馆陶组和明化镇组仍是目前勘探和开发的重点层段。新近系以河流相沉积为主,储层岩石类型以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主;孔隙结构以中孔和大孔为主,分选较好;储层成岩作用相对较弱,碳酸盐析出是降低原生孔隙的重要因素,孔隙类型以粒间孔为主,馆陶组见少量粒间溶孔和粒内溶孔。储层成岩作用对油气聚集有利,储层沉积微相控制了油气的聚集和分布,河道和废弃河道砂体具有良好的储盖配置关系,是最有利的油气聚集相带;心滩砂体由于其封盖条件不如河道砂体优越,而含油气性相对较差。     

Independent ages of magmatic and hydrothermal activity in alkaline igneous rocks: The Motzfeldt Centre,Gardar Province,South Greenland

The Motzfeldt Centre is one of four major alkaline centres belonging to the Igaliko complex, part of the Mid-Proterozoic Gardar province of South Greenland. Motzfeldt comprises syenites and nepheline syenites displaying complex magmatic and subsolidus histories. Ta, Nb and REE-rich zones are associated with a pervasive hydrothermal alteration process in the North and East of the complex, part of a subdivision of the Centre called the Motzfeldt Sø Formation (MSF). The zircons from the MSF show textures that are both magmatic and altered, whereas the textures of pyrochlore have a predominantly subsolidus chemistry. We compare and contrast the radiogenic isotope geochemistry of the zircon and pyrochlore to obtain independent age estimates of the magmatic and hydrothermal episodes. Selected analyses of magmatic zircons are concordant with an age of 1,273 ± 6 Ma. Altered zircons are normally discordant with one intercept at 1,261 ± 28 Ma and the other at 349 ± 49 Ma. This younger age would appear on face value to date the hydrothermal event at Motzfeldt to ~900 Ma after the magmatism. However, the Pb–Pb isotope systematics from altered pyrochlore define an isochron age of 1,267 ± 6 Ma for isotopic closure of the pyrochlore following alteration during the subsolidus. There is no known magmatic event in Southern Greenland at ~350 Ma and discordant points have high common lead. We therefore infer that the younger intercept age is spurious. The overlap between the magmatic U–Pb zircon and the Pb–Pb pyrochlore age suggests that alteration of the Motzfeldt centre occurred shortly after magmatism.     

准噶尔盆地四棵树凹陷古近系－新近系储层特征研究

根据录井、岩石薄片、铸体薄片、压汞、物性分析等资料,结合沉积相,对古近纪-新近纪储层特征、成岩作用、孔隙演化等进行研究。结果表明:四棵树凹陷古近系-新近储层为中-细砂岩,储集空间以原生孔隙为主。其成岩阶段多处于早成岩B亚期,局部地区处于中成岩A亚期。通过分析,研究区古近系-新近系储层为中孔中渗储层,储集性能较好。     

川西坳陷新场气田储集岩的地质特征

四川盆地西部德阳市境内的新场气田,其纵向上分布有8个气藏,平面上相互叠置,是目前国内在致密砂岩中所发现的最大气田。笔者通过对新场气田砂岩储集岩的地质特征、成岩作用和储集条件的研究,气田的主要储集空间为次生的残余粒间孔和粒间溶孔,大部分砂岩的孔喉都能使天然气通过。天然气主要聚集在储集岩与围岩在物性上或孔隙结构上有较大差异的部位。因此,在勘探上,应该从单纯寻找高孔渗带转移到寻找物性差异带上来。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中西部深部流体活动及其对奥陶系天然气形成的热作用

鄂尔多斯是一个非常稳定的克拉通盆地,深部流体一直被认为是禁区。通过构造学、火成岩岩石学、矿物学、同位素以及热史分析等方法,首次系统证实了鄂尔多斯盆地中西部发生过强烈的深部流体活动,并分析了其形成机制和对奥陶系天然气形成的热演化作用。在中生代晚期,祁连构造域的挤压作用导致盆地西缘发生强烈逆冲推覆、断裂活动及三次大规模的深部流体上涌。这些流体在构造应力作用下主要沿J/T、O/C不整合面运移至盆地中部。流体携带了大量深部热能,使奥陶系上部古地温升高约50℃,并将其中的碳酸盐岩生烃速度提高了至少32倍。最终,深部流体一方面导致奥陶系生烃量显著增加,另一方面也降低了天然气的散失,有助于其聚集成藏。深部流体使鄂尔多斯盆地中西部奥陶系天然气成因复杂化,另外它对深入探索铀和其它金属矿床的形成及盆地演化也具有重要意义。     

塔里木盆地构造热液白云岩及其储层意义

野外露头和岩心资料表明,塔里木盆地下古生界广泛分布与构造活动有关的热液白云岩化作用。这种构造热液白云岩化作用有其特有的岩石学特征和地球化学特征,以鞍形白云石和自形白云石为标志,多表现为裂缝和孔洞填隙物,具有粗晶结构;流体包裹体具有较高的均一温度和盐度,地球化学上具有较轻的碳氧同位素值,与围岩(白云岩)有一定范围的重叠;锶同位素放射性不明显,表现出亲源性特征。塔里木盆地下古生界构造热液白云岩与西加盆地泥盆系热液白云岩区别明显。塔里木盆地二叠纪广泛发育的岩浆热事件可能是构造热液白云岩的主要成因。与构造热液白云岩有关的储层多是优质储层,其分布与断裂、不整合密切相关,是油气勘探的有利目标。     

胜利油区渤南洼陷热液型硬石膏的存在

阐明了深部非常规性硬石膏型储层研究的迫切性。从气候、沉积特征、岩性分布、包裹体均一温度、高温热液蚀变矿物硅灰石、低温热液蚀变矿物片钠铝石等10个方面证据厘定了热液型硬石膏的存在。这种热液型硬石膏,面孔率达28％,是深部有利的储层,同时也是深部热液存在的证据之一。     

中国海相碳酸盐岩油气储层基本特征

中国在碳酸盐岩油气勘探中相继发现了陕中气田、轮南—塔河油田、塔中油气田、川东北大气区等大型油气田。这些发现揭示了非均质性强的碳酸盐岩储层,主要有4种类型:台缘生物礁(滩)、岩溶风化壳、白云岩和台内颗粒滩四大类储层。中国的台缘礁滩储层主要有两类,一类是面积小的孤立状的塔礁(川东和川东北),另一类是连片分布似层状的台缘礁滩复合体。岩溶风化壳储层依岩溶成熟度和构造型式有三种,即克拉通内岩溶老年期的低幅度地貌层状白云岩储层,岩溶壮年期的高幅度地貌非均质裂缝-洞穴单元储层,以及断块掀斜翘倾的岩溶青年期独立岩溶储层。有油气前景的白云岩储层主要为三类:与蒸发台地相关的准同生白云岩,埋藏成岩作用白云岩和生物成因白云岩。台内颗粒滩主要有两类:即白云石化颗粒滩和裂缝性颗粒滩储层。中国的碳酸盐岩分布广,达300km2,四大类储层发育良好,除已发现油气的四大盆地外,相信不久的将来在中国南方和羌塘地区古特提斯域碳酸盐岩沉积区将取得大的突破。     

川西坳陷新场气田蓬莱镇组有利储层横向预测

川西坳陷侏罗系是川西浅层天然气勘探开发的主要目的层。气藏分布与蓬莱镇组中有利储层的展布密切相关。气藏预测的重点和难点主要在于对有利储层的准确预测。笔者运用层序地层学原理,建立起了川西坳陷上侏罗统蓬莱镇组的层序地层对比格架。经研究发现,有利储集砂体主要发育在中期基准面下降晚期和上升早期。通过分析砂体的沉积、测井、地震等标志,可以确定储层的主要沉积微相,利用储层的多种识别标志,特别是含气砂体的地震识别标志,有效地实现了对有利储层的横向预测。     

A fluid inclusion study of the Tourmaline Hill Granite,Umberatana, South Australia: Implications for hydrothermal activity and wallrock metasomatism

Summary Homogenization temperatures and salinity data are documented for fluid inclusions present in quartz from a Palaeozoic alkaline to peralkaline granite intrusion. A wide range of salinities (3.8 to 60.6 wt% NaCl equivalent) and homogenization temperatures (25.8 to 537 °C) indicates a sequential entrapment of different fluids, whereby the detected salinities decreased as a direct result of decreasing homogenization temperatures. Fluids were saturated with NaCl at 537°C and the development of hydrothermal solutions occurred at 1 100 ± 300 bars. Hydrothermal activity and the release of volatiles, F and B, during granite crystallization resulted in phlogopitization and tourmalinization of intruded metapelites. Volatile degassing, the presence of hypersaline hydrothermal fluids and contamination on the periphery of the intrusives by aluminous sediments led to the transport of K, Rb, Li, Mg, Cs, Be and Ta via halogen complexes from the granite system into the metapelitic aureole.

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Eine Untersuchung von Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen am Tourmaline Hill Granite, Umberatana, Südaustralien: Hinweise auf hydrothermale Aktivität und Nebengesteinsmetasomatose

Zusammenfassung Homogenisationstemperaturen und Salinitätsdaten von Flüssigkeitseinschlüssen in einer paläozoischen alkalinen-peralkalinen Granitintrusion sind dokumentiert. Eine weite Spanne von Salinitätsdaten (3.8 bis 60.6 Gewichts% NaCl äquivalent) und Homogenisationstemperaturen (25.8 bis 537 °C) deutet einen aufeinanderfolgenden Einschluß von fluiden Phasen an, wobei die Salinitäten mit verringerten Homogenisationstemperaturen abnahmen. Die Fluida waren bei 537°C mit NaCl gesättigt; hydrothermale Aktivität und der Verlust von Gasen, F und B, während der Granitkristallisation verursachte Phlogopitisierung und Turmalinisierung der intrudierten Metapelite. Entgasung, hochsaline hydrothermale Lösungen und Kontamination am Rande der Intrusionen durch Al-reiche Sedimente führte zum Transport von K, Rb, Li, Mg, Cs, Be und Ta als Halogen-Komplexe von der Granitintrusion in die metapelitische Kontaktaureole.

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With 4 Figures and one Plate