RADAR PROPAGATION IN ROCK SALT *

Four radar systems at three different frequencies are described which are useful in probing into salt for finding information of interest to miners. Ranges in salt to (a) the edge of a salt dome, (b) the top of the salt dome, (c) boreholes in salt, or (d) faults or hazards ahead of mining can be determined using one or more of these radar systems. Radar wave velocities in salt are determined by radar probing through pillars of known length, and then used to determine ranges in salt to timed radar reflections. Radar probing results are shown obtained in different salt mines probing upwards and downwards. Enclosed areas in the mine are the best radar station locations to probe into salt as air reverberation of radar energy is shortened.     

SEISMIC CLASSIFICATION OF ROCK MASS QUALITIES*

Correlations between longitudinal velocities and rock mechanic parameters such as fracture frequencies and “Rock Quality Designation” (RQD) values have been studied, based upon velocity data from various rock types and different geographical locations. The dispersion of values at different sites studied is on average ± 0.8 cracks per meter and for the RQD values ± 3.5%. Within sites the dispersion of individual values relative to the average for the site is ± 1.0 – 2.0 cracks per meter and ± 2 – 6% for the RQD values. The deviations are rather moderate, especially when considering the variation of rock type involved in the studies: amphibolite, granite, gneiss, meta-anorthosite, pegmatite, porphyry, quartzite, and mylonite. The studies thus confirmed earlier assumptions that there is a strong correlation between longitudinal velocity and fracturing and that the velocities can be used to give rather accurate predictions of the quality of rock masses for construction purposes. The accuracy of the predictions increases if the velocity level of the more competent rock is taken into account. The correlation between velocity and fracturing is related to jointed but unweathered igneous and metamorphic rock and cannot be applied without introducing serious errors to a site where the rocks present a higher degree of alteration and weathering. Comparisons between rock permeability and longitudinal velocity proved that a more reliable general correlation is not likely to be found. By comparing the elastic moduli E_dyn, μ, and k with ø, V_p/V₈, and k/μ, indications have been obtained where the optimum rock conditions for a certain site are to be encountered. This has been verified by a similar comparison where the elastic moduli have been replaced by fracturing values. The value of the longitudinal velocity as a means to evaluate rock quality increases if the position of the velocity in the range of the Poisson's ratio has been established. The average relationships between longitudinal velocities and the corresponding elastic moduli proved to be: The values from each site differ from the average values with about ± 2 GPa for E_dyn and about ± 1 GPa for μ and k. It was confirmed that in igneous and metamorphic rocks longitudinal velocities ≤ 4000 m/s generally indicate rock masses where heavier tunnel support will be needed. This velocity limit corresponds to an average fracture frequency of about 10 cracks per meter and a RQD value of about 65 %. The prediction of the tunnel reinforcements needed at a particular site will, however, be improved if the general velocity level of the more competent rock is considered.     

我国实验岩石力学与构造物理学研究的若干新进展

简述了近年来我国学者在与地震学和地球内部物理学相关的实验岩石力学和构造物理学研究方面的进展．在此领域的进展主要体现在：大量实验以及数学模拟结果丰富了对岩石脆性破裂过程,特别是结构和介质非均匀条件下破裂过程的认识;在非均匀断层的摩擦行为与失稳成核方面取得了一些新结果,揭示了断层滑动行为的复杂性;在岩石脆塑性转换和塑性流变方面取得了一些新结果,特别是在下地壳和上地幔物质的流变性质方面取得了重要进展;在高温高压岩石物理方面取得了一批实验结果, 并应用于地球内部物质的组成和状态的研究．这些结果为深入理解地球内部物质的物理性质、变形机制及地震物理过程提供了有价值的参考资料.     

THE INFLUENCE OF AN ASYMMETRY IN THE SEQUENCE ROCK/COAL/ROCK ON THE PROPAGATION OF RAYLEIGH SEAM WAVES*

Small offsets in hard coal seams can be detected with the aid of seam (channel) waves. Transmission and reflection of seam waves depend, among other parameters, upon the symmetry properties of the sequence rock/coal/rock. Two typical unsymmetrical sequences are found in European coal deposits: (i) coal seams with roof and floor of differing acoustic impedance and (ii) coal seams interlayered with rock and soil. Two-dimensional analog models with appropriate impedance contrasts are used to study the effect of the unsymmetrical layers upon the propagation of Rayleigh seam waves. Data analysis is based upon amplitude measurements both parallel and perpendicular to the layers and dispersion curves. The effect of unsymmetrical roof (rock 1) and floor (rock 2) was studied with models containing homogeneous coal seams. Leaky mode wave groups with phase velocities (c_R) in the range between the SV-wave velocities (β_{r1, 2}) of the two rock materials, i.e. β_r1≥c_R > β_r2, form a characteristic part of the Rayleigh seam wave signal. Using Knott's energy coefficient calculations it is shown that in that range energy leakage into the surrounding rock by refracted SV-waves is restricted to only one of the two interfaces, namely coal/rock 2. At the other interface, coal/rock 1, all waves are totally reflected. Thus, the high amplitudes of these leaky mode wave groups are explained by “quasi-normal mode” features. The influence of a dirt bed on wave propagation was studied in models where the roof and the floor have the same elastic properties. The maximum thickness of the dirt bed did not exceed 20% of the total seam thickness. The effect of the bed's location within the seam was also investigated. For all recorded normal-mode wave groups either the total seam or the coal layers could be regarded as wave guides. This was shown by the fact that the phases could be associated with the phase velocity dispersion curves calculated for the symmetrical sequence rock/coal/rock. These curves are relevant under the condition that the thickness of the coal layer assumed under the calculation coincides with the thickness of the effective wave guide of the respective wave groups. Wave groups guided in the total seam are not influenced by either the thickness or the position of the dirt bed. On the other hand, for wave groups guided in the coal layers, the quotient of signal amplitudes in the coal layers is influenced by the position of the dirt bed.     

结构岩体变形、破坏与地震前兆关系的实验研究

本文主要以岩石试件切口在单轴压缩条件下的扩张来模拟大陆内部断层端部扩张型地震的孕育过程。在实验中观测了试件在外力作用下的应力-应变关系、张裂纹和剪切破坏在时间和空间上的扩展顺序,以及由此引起的声发射和纵波走时变化特征。根据实验结果讨论了由断层端部扩展引起地震的前兆——如断层蠕滑、前震迁移路径、地下水和地形变等各类地震前兆上显示的差异性,对于观测前兆和前震区与主震区的相对位置,具有一定的指导意义     

非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响

运用岩石破裂过程分析ＲＦＰＡ２Ｄ系统,通过对岩石试样中预置的倾斜裂纹扩展过程的数值模拟,研究了材料非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响．数值模拟再现了受压试样在裂纹扩展过程中逐步演变的应力场和应变场,以及与岩石非均匀性有关的声发射和断裂扩展模式的“岩桥”现象．模拟结果说明,岩石的非均匀性对含裂纹试样的变形、破裂过程及其破坏模式有很大的影响．     

非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响

运用岩石破裂过程分析ＲＦＰＡ２Ｄ系统,通过对岩石试样中预置的倾斜裂纹扩展过程的数值模拟,研究了材料非均匀性对岩石介质中裂纹扩展模式的影响．数值模拟再现了受压试样在裂纹扩展过程中逐步演变的应力场和应变场,以及与岩石非均匀性有关的声发射和断裂扩展模式的“岩桥”现象．模拟结果说明,岩石的非均匀性对含裂纹试样的变形、破裂过程及其破坏模式有很大的影响．     

节理岩体断裂的分形机理研究

本文在考察了节理化岩体的断裂力学特征的基础上，结合现代分形几何原理，建立起追踪裂纹裂分形模型，对不连续岩体的断裂韧性的分形效应进行了深入研究，并通过压剪试验得到难。     

岩石变形局部化的实验研究

用光弹贴片法、声发射技术和电视录象的方法,研究了山东济南辉长岩试件（15×45×90mm³）。在平面应力状态下,单轴压缩加载的过程中,岩石表面（45×90mm²）的应变场的等差线（即最大剪切应变的等值线）条纹图案的连续变化过程。 在加载到峰值载荷的88％-95％时,高级次的等差线条纹在包含即将发生的断层面的区带中高度集中。变形集中区的主应变差（最大剪切应变）的值比周围介质可高出5-6倍。 变形局部化的趋势比声发射率剧增要早得多。     

岩石变形局部化的实验研究

用光弹贴片法、声发射技术和电视录象的方法,研究了山东济南辉长岩试件（15×45×90mm3）。在平面应力状态下,单轴压缩加载的过程中,岩石表面（45×90mm2）的应变场的等差线（即最大剪切应变的等值线）条纹图案的连续变化过程。 在加载到峰值载荷的88％—95％时,高级次的等差线条纹在包含即将发生的断层面的区带中高度集中。变形集中区的主应变差（最大剪切应变）的值比周围介质可高出5—6倍。 变形局部化的趋势比声发射率剧增要早得多。     

弯曲模式波在各向异性井孔中传播的实验研究

鉴于弯曲模式波在井孔中传播的基本原理,制作了用于模型井孔的单／偶极子换能器,在模拟硬、软地层的铝和有机玻璃的井孔模型中进行了测量,并与理论计算的频散特性作了对比．在声速各向异性的井孔模型中进行的测试表明．弯曲模式波在横向声速各向异性的井孔中,分裂为两种传播速度不同的快、慢弯曲模式波．实验结果表明,偶极子声波测井将能有效地探测地层的横向各向异性．     

弯曲模式波在各向异性井孔中传播的实验研究

鉴于弯曲模式波在井孔中传播的基本原理，制作了用于模型井孔的单／偶极子换能器，在模拟硬、软地层的铝和有机玻璃的井孔模型中进行了测量，并与理论计算的频散特性作了对比．在声速各向异性的井孔模型中进行的测试表明．弯曲模式波在横向声速各向异性的井孔中，分裂为两种传播速度不同的快、慢弯曲模式波．实验结果表明，偶极子声波测井将能有效地探测地层的横向各向异性．     

岩石标本压力实验中自然电位变化的研究

将4×4×8厘米的岩石标本抽真空浸水,使之水饱和,沿长轴方向加压,用JC-A型电子自动补偿电测仪测电位（平行电位Va,横向电位Vb,对穿电位Vc）,用Y5D-2型动态应变仪测标本的纵横向应变ε1和ε2以及压力F,用压电晶体测标本的微破裂,全部七个量由SC-16型光线示波记录仪自动记录,详见文献[1]、[2]。 文献[1]曾指出:（1）凡有引起压力降的破裂发生,同时就有电极间电位差（以下简称电位）的突变;在这样的破裂发生之前,几乎所有标本至少在一个方向上出现电位变化     

断层带破裂过程与声发射特点的实验研究

本文从破裂特点、声发射特点及应力位移曲线方面讨论了软弱夹层与主压应力轴交角对断层带活动的影响。实验证明,当交角大于45°时破裂分为三阶段;主震前在断层带及其附近有大量前震,并且沿断层两盘发生较明显的位移,但交角小于45°时则没有     

岩石标本压力实验中自然电位变化的研究

将4×4×8厘米的岩石标本抽真空浸水,使之水饱和,沿长轴方向加压,用JC-A型电子自动补偿电测仪测电位（平行电位V_a,横向电位V_b,对穿电位V_c）,用Y5D-2型动态应变仪测标本的纵横向应变ε₁和ε₂以及压力F,用压电晶体测标本的微破裂,全部七个量由SC-16型光线示波记录仪自动记录,详见文献[1]、[2]。 文献[1]曾指出:（1）凡有引起压力降的破裂发生,同时就有电极间电位差（以下简称电位）的突变;在这样的破裂发生之前,几乎所有标本至少在一个方向上出现电位变化     

在围压条件下岩体模型应力应变关系的实验研究

含切口岩体模型在差应力作用下的应力应变关系表明:岩体不同部位的应力应变曲线按斜率变化特征可以划分为四个发展阶段。根据对切口岩石破裂过程的对比,各阶段的变形机制分别与岩体内原微裂纹闭合、孔隙和颗粒弹性变形、宏观张裂剪裂以及剪切、张-剪主破裂相对应,但各阶段的发展进程在时间、空间上却不一致,这一差异均与切口分布和岩性变化相关。最后讨论了应力应变特征与发震断层孕震过程的关系,对地震预报可能有实际意义     

EVANESCENT EFFECTS IN ACOUSTICAL WAVE PROPAGATION*

The propagation of transient acoustic pressure waves in a layer enclosed between two, not necessarily identical, half-spaces is considered. The source and the receivers are always located in the same half-space and at the same depth. The source excitation function is a narrow causal spike. Several thicknesses of the layer are examined including the case in which the embedded layer vanishes. The phenomena of ‘constricted’ head waves and wide-angle reflections in the layer are examined in detail using a ‘numerical experimentation’ approach. First, a closed-form solution is numerically evaluated. Then this solution is developed in series and each term is evaluated separately using the same numerical techniques. When the contribution of an individual high-order term becomes unimportant, all higher order terms are discarded, and the response is constructed by superposition of the previously computed low-order terms only. Propagation by wide-angle reflections from inside the layer is of interest. When the thickness of the layer is reduced to a fraction of the wavelength, these events consist typically of a low amplitude, high frequency, geometrical acoustics arrival, followed by higher amplitude, low frequency, non-geometrical coda. When all important low-order terms are added, the non-geometrical events tend to interfere destructively, leaving a waveform nearly identical to that obtained by integration of the closed-form solution. When the thickness of the embedded layer is measured in fractions of the dominant wavelength, none of the individual terms of the series development can be duplicated by asymptotic ray tracing. However, because the codas of the various terms interfere destructively, the total response may be well-represented by the addition of a few low-order rays, using asymptotic approximation. This discovery extends the usefulness of Huygens-Kirchhoff ray tracing to modeling of wave propagation in thin layers.     

正交异性岩体水力压裂应力测量原理和方法

本文根据岩体力学性质的各向异性，以岩体正交异性弹性理论为基础，提出用水力压裂法测算水平方向两主应力大小和方向的原理及测量有关岩体弹性参数的方法。     

ERROR PROPAGATION AND UNCERTAINTY IN THE INTERPRETATION OF RESISTIVITY SOUNDING DATA*

An analysis is made of the propagation of the measuring error in the different stages of the interpretation by the linear filter and reducing method. This analysis leads to an understanding of the range of possible values of the layer parameters and of the nature of the relation between them. It is shown that this relation is not always adequately described by the equivalence expressions of Maillet.     

MODELING OF SH-WAVE PROPAGATION IN AN IRREGULARLY LAYERED MEDIUM-APPLICATION TO SEISMIC PROFILES NEAR A DOME*

An approach that relies on a discrete representation of seismic wavefields allows the computation of synthetic SH-seismograms in a laterally varying medium with plane and curved interfaces in the two dimensional (2-D) case. The diffracting interface is represented by an array of body forces located along the interface at equal spacing. The numerical treatment is limited to the irregular boundary while the propagation in flat layered zones is obtained by the reflection-transmission matrix method. As an example we have studied the case of a dome in a stratified medium. The solutions obtained verify the reciprocity theorem with good accuracy. The computation of vertical profiles and of surface reflection profiles illustrates the effects of diffraction and the importance of lateral propagation in such a structure.