大气杀手——酸雨

酸雨 ,顾名思义 ,就是大气中的硫氧化物、氮氧化物等溶于纯净的雨水中 ,使雨水具有弱酸性 ,即谓之酸雨。如果说 ,十多年前 ,酸雨还只是个别国家的局部性问题 ,那么随着各国矿物燃料消耗量的不断增加 ,排入大气中的二氧化碳、硫氧、氮氧化物等日渐增多 ,目前酸雨的危害已向全世界蔓延 ,并成为当代世界的重大环境问题之一。硫氧化物和氮氧化物来源于何处呢 ?一是自然来源。如火山喷发时 ,就有二氧化硫的喷出 ;沼泽、土壤、坑道等地的含硫物质 ,在厌气细菌的作用下 ,会以硫化氢的形式释放出来 ,经周围环境的氧化后 ,生成二氧化硫 ;沉积在海洋中…     

灰色系统理论预测大气氮氧化物污染的应用

根据中国南方某省所辖城市近年来N0x污染指数的测量数据的统计资料，建立了GM(1，1）灰色预测模型，通过预测探讨了大气中氮氧化物指数的变化趋势。所建模型残差仅1．17％，关联系数为0．9067，精度较高，具有较好的可行性和适应性，可以为管理规则提供决策依据。     

Impact of Aircraft NOx Emission on NOx and Ozone over China

A three-dimensional global chemistry transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of subsonic aircraft NOx emission on NOz and ozone over China in terms of a year 2000 scenario of subsonic aircraft NOx emission. The results show that subsonic aircraft NOx emission significantly affects northern China, which makes NOx at 250 hPa increase by about 50 pptv with the highest percentage of 60% in January, and leading to an ozone increase of 8 ppbv with 5% relative change in April. The NOx increase is mainly attributed to the transport process, but ozone increase is produced by the chemical process. The NOx increases by less than 10 pptv by virtue of subsonic aircraft NOx emission over China,and ozone changes less than 0.4 ppbv. When subsonic aircraft NOx emission over China is doubled, its influence is still relatively small.     

典型生态系统氮氧化物释放通量研究进展

氮氧化物(NOx)是全球氮循环的重要形式,也是影响全球气候和环境的重要污染气体。近年来随着人为源NOx排放量的逐渐下降,自然源NOx的释放通量及机制越来越受到人们的关注。本文综述了NOx的来源、气候和环境效应、释放通量估算方法和典型生态系统中自然源NOx释放通量特征及影响因素。然而,目前对不同生态系统NOx的研究还不够系统和深入,建立NOx标准测定方法和通量估算方法,对不同生态系统特别是海洋及湿地NOx的源汇格局,微生物的作用机制、人为氮输入的影响等开展系统地研究,才能准确评价不同生态系统对大气NOx的贡献及变化趋势,完善全球氮的收支平衡研究。     

对流层氮氧化物光化学转化特征研究

应用大气光化学模式研究了日间影响NOx光化学转化率的主要物理化学因子.探讨了在不同NMHC/NOx比值时,NOx光化学特征及其转化产物的变化规律.结果表明,影响NOx转化率的主要因子是阳光辐射强度和NMHC/NOx比值.但在NMHC/NOx比值很低时,光强的增加并不能显著提高NOx转化率.温度和初始臭氧浓度对NOx转化率的影响次之.相对湿度对NOx转化率的影响较小.在不同NMHC/NOx比值下,NOx转化特征和产物有很大区别.NMHC/NOx比值高时,产物中PAN＞HNO3.NMHC/NOx比值中(低)时,产物主要是HNO3,PAN等有机氮不到10%(1%).最后初步比较了模拟和观测的NOy组成.     

煤炭从价征税实施在即

国务院办公厅近日印发《2014—2015年节能减排低碳发展行动方案》。根据方案,2014年到2015年,单位GDP能耗、化学需氧量、二氧化硫、氨氮、氮氧化物排放量将分别逐年下降3.9%、2%、2%、2%、5%以上,单位GDP二氧化碳排放量两年分别下降4%、3.5%以上。     

成都地区闪电产生氮氧化物的观测研究

为了解四川盆地闪电产生的NOX向低空的传输特征,利用大气平均电场仪、氮氧化物分析仪、臭氧分析仪对成都地区雷暴过程中闪电产生的NOX进行了地面观测,并结合风廓线雷达测得的地面0.4km的风速风向数据进行了分析。研究结果表明:(1)、NOX浓度随时间的变化与NO浓度随时间的变化呈正相关关系,O3的浓度随时间的变化与NOX的浓度随时间变化呈负相关关系;(2)、雷暴过程中,NOX和NO的浓度值都比晴天背景大气条件下的地面值要高,O3的浓度值则低于平均值,闪电频次与氮氧化物浓度存在正相关关系;(3)、LNOX从高空传输到地面也受风速风向的影响,风速与NOX浓度存在负相关关系,气流被偏北风控制的情况下,NOX的浓度值较低,气流在偏南风控制时,NOX则出现高浓度积累。     

NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript> change over China and its influences

A 3-D chemical transport model (OSLO CTM2) is used to investigate the impact of the increase of NOx emission over China. The model is capable to reproduce basically the seasonal variation of surface NOx and ozone over eastern China. NOx emission data and observations reveal that NOx over eastern China increases quite quickly with the economic development of China. Model results indicate that NOx concentration over eastern China increasingly rises with the increase of NOx emission over China, and accelerates to increase in winter. When the NOx emission increases from 1995 to its double, the ratio of NO2/NOx abruptly drops in winter over northern China. Ozone at the surface decreases in winter with the continual enhancement of the NOx level over eastern China, but increases over southern China in summertime. It is noticeable that peak ozone over northern China increases in summer although mean ozone changes little. In summer, ozone increases in the free troposphere dominantly below 500 hPa.Moreover, the increases of total ozone over eastern China are proportional to the increases of NOx emission.In a word, the model results suggest that the relationship between NOx and ozone at the surface would change with NOx increase.     

中国区域闪电特征分析及闪电产生NOx量的估算

利用中国2008-2010年的闪电定位数据,分析了闪电次数的空间分布和时间变化,结合Price理论,估算了闪电产生的氮氧化物（LNOx）量,初步分析了LNOx的时空分布特征。结果表明：闪电的高发期为7、8月,广州、武汉为闪电高发区;LNOx主要分布在（105～125°E,25～40°N）地区,其中武汉、广州、成都、重庆、长沙、南京和南昌地区量值较大;7月和8月LNOx的产量明显高于其他几个月,8月产量最高;此外,LNOx的分布具有明显的季节特征,春夏秋冬四季产量分别占总产量的4．8％、89．4％、5．3％以及0．5％,春季的LNOx主要出现在广州地区,夏季LNOx高值区分布北移,分布范围较广;秋季分布范围减小,最大值出现在广州地区,冬季产量明显变小,最大值出现在武汉的西南方向。     

Vertical Observations and Analysis of PM2.5, O3, and NOx at Beijing and Tianjin from Towers during Summer and Autumn 2006

During the period between 18 August and 22 September 2006, an ultraviolet photometric O3 analyzer, a NO-NO2-NOx chemiluminescence analyzer, and a quartz micro-oscillating-scale particle concentration analyzer were simultaneously used for monitoring at three different heights each at Beijing (325-m tower) and Tianjin (255-m tower). These towers belong to the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and to the Tianjin Municipal Meteorological Bureau, respectively. These measurements were used to continuously measure the atmospheric O3 and NOx volume-by-volume concentrations and the PM2.5 mass concentration within a vertical gradient. When combined with meteorological data and information on the variation of vertical characteristics of the various atmospheric pollutants in the two cities, analysis shows that these two cities were seriously polluted by both PM2.5 and O3 during summer and autumn. The highest daily-average concentrations of PM2.5 near the ground in Beijing and Tianjin reached 183 μg m-3 and 165 μg m-3, respectively, while the O3 concentrations reached 52 ppb and 77 ppb, and NOx concentrations reached 48 ppb and 62 ppb for these two cities, respectively. The variations in the daily-average concentrations of PM2.5 between Beijing and Tianjin were demonstrated to be consistent over time. The concentrations of PM2.5 measured in Beijing were found to be higher than those in Tianjin. However, the overall O3 concentrations near the ground in Tianjin were higher than in Beijing. NOx concentrations in Tianjin were consistently lower than in Beijing. It was also found that PM2.5 pollution in Beijings atmosphere may also be affected by the pollutants originating in and delivered from Tianjin, and that Ti