Comparison of Positron Emission Tomography and X-ray radiography for studies of physical processes in sandstone

The migration of moisture in cores of porous homogeneous sandstone of Ledian age (Belgian Eocene, Tertiary) is monitored with PET (Positron Emission Tomography) and micro-focus X-ray radiography. In the case of PET, a nuclear medical imaging technique, ⁵⁵Co-EDTA (Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic acid) and R-¹⁸F were used as water-soluble tracers. The X-ray projection method has evolved from the better-known medical technique and allows a fast and accurate determination of the two-dimensional transient moisture content profiles. Results indicate that both techniques can deliver important information concerning physical processes in situ.     

骨旁脂肪瘤的影像学特征及诊断价值

目的：分析骨旁脂肪瘤的影像学表现特征,提高对该病的认识及术前影像诊断水平。方法：回顾性分析经病理证实的我院2例骨旁脂肪瘤的临床及影像学表现。结果：2．例骨旁脂肪瘤,男女各1例,分别位于右侧股骨上段、左侧胫骨中下段骨旁软组织内。X线表现为骨旁软组织内的透光肿块;CT、MRI表现为骨旁脂肪密度或脂肪信号、有包膜的椭圆形分叶状肿块,边界清楚;邻近骨皮质形成突向肿瘤内部的珊瑚礁状或树枝状骨性突起。结论：骨旁椭圆形脂肪性肿块,伴有骨皮质突向肿块内的珊瑚礁状、树枝状骨性突起为骨旁脂肪瘤的影像学特征,具有重要的诊断价值。     

SARS的X线平片与CT表现

本文回顾分析14例SARS患者的X线胸片和CT表现，结果显示SARS的X线和CT表现主要是单侧或双侧肺野的磨玻璃洋改变以及实变影，住院患者中这些异常影像学表现变化比较快。     

Is X‐ray core scanning non‐destructive? Assessing the implications for optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments

Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating is widely used to date clastic deposits, including those collected by coring. X‐ray scanning of cores has become popular because of the rapidly acquired, high‐resolution information it gives about optical, radiographic and elemental variations. Additionally, X‐ray scanning is widely viewed as a non‐destructive method. However, such instruments use an intense X‐ray beam that irradiates the split core to enable both X‐radiographic and X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. This irradiation will influence the optically stimulated luminescence signal in the sediments. This study determines the radiation dose delivered to sediments in a core during an X‐ray scan, and assesses the implications for studies wishing to combine X‐ray scanning and OSL dating. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multiple pixel-scale soil water retention curves quantified by neutron radiography

The soil water retention function is needed for modeling multiphase flow in porous media. Traditional techniques for measuring the soil water retention function, such as the hanging water column or pressure cell methods, yield average water retention data which have to be modeled using inverse procedures to extract relevant point parameters. In this study, we have developed a technique for directly measuring multiple point (pixel-scale) water retention curves for a repacked sand material using 2-D neutron radiography. Neutron radiographic images were obtained under quasi-equilibrium conditions at nine imposed basal matric potentials during monotonic drying of Flint sand at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) Cold Guide (CG) 1D beamline at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. All of the images were normalized with respect to an image of the oven dry sand column. Volumetric water contents were computed on a pixel by pixel basis using an empirical calibration equation after taking into account beam hardening and geometric corrections. Corresponding matric potentials were calculated from the imposed basal matric potential and pixel elevations. Volumetric water content and matric potential data pairs corresponding to 120 selected pixels were used to construct 120 point water retention curves. Each curve was fitted to the Brooks and Corey equation using segmented non-linear regression in SAS. A 98.5% convergence rate was achieved resulting in 115 estimates of the four Brooks and Corey parameters. A single Brooks and Corey point water retention function was constructed for Flint sand using the median values of these parameter estimates. This curve corresponded closely with the point Brooks and Corey function inversely extracted from the average water retention data using TrueCell. Forward numerical simulations performed using HYDRUS 1-D showed that the cumulative outflows predicted using the point Brooks and Corey functions from both the direct (neutron radiography) and inverse (TrueCell) methods were in good agreement with independent measurements of cumulative outflow determined with a transducer. Our results indicate that neutron radiography can be used to quantify the point water retention curve of homogeneous mineral particles. Further research will be needed to extend this approach to more heterogeneous porous media.     

μ子成像中心面伪影成因及其校正方法研究

PoCA算法和MLSD算法是宇宙线μ子成像中常用的两种算法,其成像结果在中心面普遍存在分布均匀、灰度值较小的层状伪影。本文通过分析μ子成像的物理机制和重建算法原理,研究上述中心面伪影,指出其产生原因是成像空间中存在本底物质,并在此基础上提出一种校正方法,模拟实验表明该方法能在不影响μ子三维重建的前提下有效地消除中心面伪影。     

数字化射线扫描成像中的图像评价与控制初探

数字射线技术正获得越来越广泛的应用,并成为射线检测技术的发展趋势。但目前有关数字射线技术的标准对于图像质量控制方面的规定还相对简单,难于进行有效的质量控制,因而在实际检测中可能出现较大的随意性而影响检测结果评判。使用互补金属氧化物半导体(CMOS)线阵列射线探测器与阶梯试块进行射线检测实验,得到了不同厚度所对应的灰度图像,测试了影像对比度,同时分析了图像的信噪比和检测灵敏度。通过对实验结果的综合对比分析,提出了数字化射线检测图像质量控制措施。     

Rapid imbibition of water in fractures within unsaturated sedimentary rock

The spontaneous imbibition of water and other liquids into gas-filled fractures in variably-saturated porous media is important in a variety of engineering and geological contexts. However, surprisingly few studies have investigated this phenomenon. We present a theoretical framework for predicting the 1-dimensional movement of water into air-filled fractures within a porous medium based on early-time capillary dynamics and spreading over the rough surfaces of fracture faces. The theory permits estimation of sorptivity values for the matrix and fracture zone, as well as a dispersion parameter which quantifies the extent of spreading of the wetting front. Quantitative data on spontaneous imbibition of water in unsaturated Berea sandstone cores were acquired to evaluate the proposed model. The cores with different permeability classes ranging from 50 to 500 mD and were fractured using the Brazilian method. Spontaneous imbibition in the fractured cores was measured by dynamic neutron radiography at the Neutron Imaging Prototype Facility (beam line CG-1D, HFIR), Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Water uptake into both the matrix and the fracture zone exhibited square-root-of-time behavior. The matrix sorptivities ranged from 2.9 to 4.6 mm s^−0.5, and increased linearly as the permeability class increased. The sorptivities of the fracture zones ranged from 17.9 to 27.1 mm s^−0.5, and increased linearly with increasing fracture aperture width. The dispersion coefficients ranged from 23.7 to 66.7 mm² s⁻¹ and increased linearly with increasing fracture aperture width and damage zone width. Both theory and observations indicate that fractures can significantly increase spontaneous imbibition in unsaturated sedimentary rock by capillary action and surface spreading on rough fracture faces. Fractures also increase the dispersion of the wetting front. Further research is needed to investigate this phenomenon in other natural and engineered porous media.     

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肺癌的胸片体层片与CT、BAG的X线表现分析和诊断价值比较

目的：探讨胸片，体层片和CT，支气管动脉造影（BAG）对肺癌的诊断价值并对其进行比较。方法：对照病理检查结果对101例患者的胸片、体层片和CT、BAG的X线表现和诊断价值进行了回顾性分析。结果：61例肺癌：胸片、体层片诊断正确43例（70.5%）；定性困难16例（26.2%）;误诊8例(13.1%)。CT诊断正确57例（93.4%）；误诊4例（6.6%）。40例肺癌：BAG中有肿瘤血管改变者35例（87.5%）。特征性造影表现有肿瘤血管（27例、67.5%）；肿瘤染色（20例、50%）；肿瘤包绕（835例、87.5%）。结论：胸片、体层片和CT对肺癌具有很高的诊断价值，以CT为优。胸片、体层片显示段以上支气管情况和肿块整体形态较好，CT显示肿瘤的内部结构，轮廓、瘤周、纵隔胸膜转移和纵隔旁及脊柱旁区病灶具有明显优势。BAG对肺癌有一定的诊断价值。