Effects of clumping on temperature – I. Externally heated clouds

We present a study of radiative transfer in dusty, clumpy star-forming regions. A series of self-consistent, 3D, continuum radiative transfer models are constructed for a grid of models parametrized by central luminosity, filling factor, clump radius and face-averaged optical depth. The temperature distribution within the clouds is studied as a function of this parametrization. Among our results, we find that: (i) the effective optical depth in clumpy regions is less than in equivalent homogeneous regions of the same average optical depth, leading to a deeper penetration of heating radiation in clumpy clouds, and temperatures higher by over 60 per cent; (ii) penetration of radiation is driven by the fraction of open sky (FOS) – which is a measure of the fraction of solid angle along which no clumps exist; (iii) FOS increases as clump radius increases and as filling factor decreases; (iv) for values of   FOS >0.6–0.8  the sky is sufficiently 'open' that the temperature distribution is relatively insensitive to FOS; (v) the physical process by which radiation penetrates is preferentially through streaming of radiation between clumps as opposed to diffusion through clumps; (vi) filling factor always dominates the determination of the temperature distribution for large optical depths, and for small clump radii at smaller optical depths; (vii) at lower face-averaged optical depths, the temperature distribution is most sensitive to filling factors of 1–10 per cent, in accordance with many observations; (viii) direct shadowing by clumps can be important for distances approximately one clump radius behind a clump.     

Intercomparison of stratospheric water vapor profiles obtained during the Balloon Intercomparison Campaign

The Balloon Intercomparison Campaign (BIC) was set up to intercompare remote sensing measurements of a number of compounds other than water vapor; however, water vapor has strong absorption features throughout the infrared and mm wave regions of the spectrum. Therefore many of the investigators involved in BIC have absorption or emission features due to water vapor in the data they obtained during the balloon flights made under the campaign. These features have been used by the investigators to determine the stratospheric water vapor profiles which are compared in this paper. The profiles allow comparison of a wide range of remote sensing techniques involving both emission and absorption in the mid-infrared and emission techniques in the far infrared.     

《大气一号》气球卫星轨道倾角变化分析

引起《大气一号》两颗气球卫星（ＤＱ－１Ａ和ＤＱ－１Ｂ）轨道倾角变化的摄动因素主要是太阳光压摄动、大气旋转和日月引力摄动。太阳光压摄动引起气球卫星轨道倾角增大，平均每天变化约０．００１７，大气旋转引起轨道倾角减小，平均每天变化不到０．０００１，但随着高度下降，变化量亦增大，陨落前达０．００２。本文根据卫星轨道摄动理论，给出气球卫星轨道倾角变化的一种定量分析方法，得到的分析结果为：（１）由太阳光压摄动     

建平地区三座庙序列侵入岩侵位机制讨论

通过野外对三座庙序列侵入岩的岩体平面与剖面形态、岩体的内部构造、岩石与围岩的构造型式、接触带的度形特征等宏观地质特征的研究,推测岩体侵入位机制为强力挤入方式定位,即气球膨张式。笔者运用岩石的有限应变测量原理和方法,结合岩组分析及流变学、现代变形理论,对三座庙序列的侵入岩岩石做了有限应变测量和岩组分析工作,所得定量资料为确定岩体的浸位机制提供了理论依据。三种岩石有限应变测量,即:算术平均法、长短轴法、Rf/φ曲线法的富林指数k值均在0相似文献   

中国地区高空气象探测气球空间漂移分析

利用中国120个探空站2004年08时所有探空气球漂移信息,结合NCEP再分析场,分析规定等压面上的时空漂移规律,重点选择100、500与925 hPa等压面,采用1、4、7、10月分别代表冬季、春季、夏季、秋季4个季节。初步分析表明;气球的漂移方向主要是受大气环流影响,不同季节中国受不同的系统影响,导致漂移的方向差异明显,夏季以西南漂移为主,冬季、春季与秋季以西北漂移为主,但是在100 hPa以上4个季节均以西南漂移为主,以冬季的漂移距离最大,漂移距离超过120km,夏季最小,约为40 km,春、秋季次之,接近70 km。漂移距离的差异东部比西部显著;沿经圈漂移以向南为主,冬、春与秋季沿经圈漂移以向南为主,春季漂移最大,超过5 km;冬、秋季节漂移距离分别超过3与2 km,夏季沿经圈漂移受大尺度环流影响,200 hPa以下向北漂移,最远漂移超过1 km,200 hPa以上转向南漂移,最远漂移达3 km;沿纬圈以向东为主,以冬季最大,达77 km,夏季最小,接近13 km,春、秋季次之,分别达49和46 km;沿纬圈漂移量要大于沿经圈漂移量,沿纬圈漂移全年平均接近60 km,沿经圈漂移量全年平均接近3.5 km,有量级上的差别;从低层到高层漂移量呈增大趋势,漂移大的范围随高度往西扩张;探空漂移的整体分布范围较大,并且比较均匀。同时还选取了个例分析低空急流条件下探空漂移,结果显示对于中小尺度天气系统不可忽略。     

Using aerial photography and in situ measurements to estimate the quantity of macro-litter on beaches

This study has demonstrated a reliable method of quantifying the total mass of litter on a beach. It was conducted on Ookushi beach, Goto-Islands, Japan, and uses a combination of balloon-assisted aerial photography and in situ mass measurements. The total mass of litter over the beach was calculated to be 716 ± 259 kg. This figure was derived by multiplying the litter-covered area (calculated using balloon-assisted aerial photography) by the mass of litter per unit area. Light plastics such as polyethylene made up 55% of all plastic litter on the beach, although more work is needed to determine whether lighter plastics are transported to beaches more readily by winds and ocean currents compared with heavier plastics, or whether lighter plastics comprise a greater percentage of marine litter. Finally, the above estimates were used to calculate the total mass of metals released into coastal ecosystems via plastic litter on beaches.     

Electrical current along balloon rigging line inside thunderstorms

We have designed a new instrument to measure the current flowing along balloon rigging line during flights through thunderstorms. This instrument was tested in a high voltage facility and used to collect line current data during one balloon flight into a thunderstorm. Using these data, worst-case calculations are made; as such, we claim that they are the upper limits of any alteration (to the measured electric field or particle charge) that may occur, and the real number is likely much less. It is postulated the rigging-line current could have two separate effects on the measured electric field: (1) reduction of the field due to emission of corona ions, and (2) enhancement of the field due to the insertion of a long thin ‘conductor.' Even with current as high as 1 μA (the largest measured was around 50–100 nA), these two effects were found to be about −1% and +1%, respectively. Also, the calculated worst-case alteration to charged precipitation measurements is about 0.1 pC. Thus, with proper efforts to make the rigging line as poor a conductor as possible, it seems that we are justified in stating that these effects are negligible.     

气球施放安全与风险评估方法初探

根据有关法律、法规,阐述了气球施放安全与风险评估的必要性,并结合工作实际,介绍气球施放安全与风险评估应包括的主要内容和具体的操作流程。研究结果认为,适当而足够的风险评估方法应包括6个方面的内容：一是识别所有的危险源;二是评估事故出现的机会和几率;三是对事故可能引发的后果进行分析、分级;四是判断风险是否可以被容忍,辨别事关重大的风险;五是如果风险或潜在后果不可以被容忍的话,辨别出必须做些什么,如何落实防范风险措施;六是为制定在一段相当的时期内保持有效的控制方法提供依据,对不能通过控制活动降低事故发生几率的,依法对气球施放申请作出不批准的决定。     

Performance of the Nuclear Compton Telescope

On 1 June 2005, the prototype Nuclear Compton Telescope (NCT) flew on a high altitude balloon from Fort Sumner, New Mexico. NCT is a balloon-borne soft γ-ray (0.2–10 MeV) telescope for studying astrophysical sources of nuclear line emission and γ-ray polarization. Our program is designed to develop and test technologies and analysis techniques crucial for the Advanced Compton Telescope; however, our detector design and configuration is also well matched to the focal plane requirements for focusing Laue lenses. The NCT prototype utilizes two, 3D imaging germanium detectors (GeDs) in a novel, ultra-compact design optimized for nuclear line emission in the 0.5–2 MeV range. Our prototype flight provides a critical test of the novel detector technologies, analysis techniques, and background rejection procedures developed for high resolution Compton telescopes.     

Impacts of hegemony and shifts in dominance on marine capture fisheries

Catch data indicates that the world’s 25 largest marine capture fisheries have generally comprised some 40–50% of the total annual reported catch (1950–2012). From a game theory perspective, there is considerable diversity across these 25 fisheries, both in terms of the number of players and the management paradigms. Here, a dominance-oriented classification system is proposed, according to which fisheries are categorized into: (1) hegemonic systems with single-player dominance; (2) coupled systems with two-player dominance; (3) group systems with shared dominance; (4) systems with no dominant player. Among these categories, the fourth represents perhaps the greatest challenge to sustainable management, while also demonstrating the challenges of managing common pool marine ecosystem services in areas beyond national jurisdiction (ABNJ). The survey and analysis highlights how hegemonic conditions tend to preclude the establishment of cooperative agreements irrespective of the number of players involved in the fishery. Shifts in dominance away from hegemony, as demonstrated most recently in the case of the highly migratory Pacific Saury, can open the door to greater cooperation. Movement of fish stocks and displacement of fishing activities, due for example to climate change, have the capacity to cause major shifts in dominance and, in some cases, destabilize existing cooperative mechanisms.