Fast static correction methods for high-frequency multichannel marine seismic reflection data: A high-resolution seismic study of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan

Very high-frequency marine multichannel seismic reflection data generated by small-volume air- or waterguns allow detailed, high-resolution studies of sedimentary structures of the order of one to few metres wavelength. The high-frequency content, however, requires (1) a very exact knowledge of the source and receiver positions, and (2) the development of data processing methods which take this exact geometry into account. Static corrections are crucial for the quality of very high-frequency stacked data because static shifts caused by variations of the source and streamer depths are of the order of half to one dominant wavelength, so that they can lead to destructive interference during stacking of CDP sorted traces. As common surface-consistent residual static correction methods developed for land seismic data require fixed shot and receiver locations two simple and fast techniques have been developed for marine seismic data with moving sources and receivers to correct such static shifts. The first method – called CDP static correction method – is based on a simultaneous recording of Parasound sediment echosounder and multichannel seismic reflection data. It compares the depth information derived from the first arrivals of both data sets to calculate static correction time shifts for each seismic channel relative to the Parasound water depths. The second method – called average static correction method – utilises the fact that the streamer depth is mainly controlled by bird units, which keep the streamer in a predefined depth at certain increments but do not prevent the streamer from being slightly buoyant in-between. In case of calm weather conditions these streamer bendings mainly contribute to the overall static time shifts, whereas depth variations of the source are negligible. Hence, mean static correction time shifts are calculated for each channel by averaging the depth values determined at each geophone group position for several subsequent shots. Application of both methods to data of a high-resolution seismic survey of channel-levee systems on the Bengal Fan shows that the quality of the stacked section can be improved significantly compared to stacking results achieved without preceding static corrections. The optimised records show sedimentary features in great detail, that are not visible without static corrections. Limitations only result from the sea floor topography. The CDP static correction method generally provides more coherent reflections than the average static correction method but can only be applied in areas with rather flat sea floor, where no diffraction hyperbolae occur. In contrast, the average static correction method can also be used in regions with rough morphology, but the coherency of reflections is slightly reduced compared to the results of the CDP static correction method.     

地震静校正全局最优化问题的求解

针对地震静校正存在的非线性和多参数性等问题，本文提出了一种全局优化的剩余静校正方法.在模型更新规则上，把模拟退火方法和均匀优化设计方法结合在一起，使模型的更新更为合理，从而加快了搜寻全局最优解的速度.同时提出了模型的不同分量的温度参数和退火过程的选取方式，把温度参数的选取与地震剖面的能量联系起来，使温度参数的选取具有自适应的特点.该方法克服了常规模拟退火方法所具有的寻优空间不均匀以及退火参数需通过多次试验选取的缺陷.通过实际地震资料的计算证明，本文提出的方法对地震静校正问题合理而有效.     

Bedrock structure in Adapazari, Turkey—a possible cause of severe damage by the 1999 Kociaeli earthquake

The 1999 Kocaeli earthquake brought serious damage to downtown of Adapazari. To study why strong motions were generated at the town, a bedrock structure was investigated on the basis of Bouguer gravity anomaly, and SPAC and H/V analyses of microseisms. It was revealed that, the basin consists of three narrow depressions of bedrock with very steep edges, extending in E–W or NE–SW directions along the North Anatolia faults, and the depth to bedrock reaches 1000 m or more. Downtown of Adapazari is located 1–2 km apart from the basin-edge. It is considered that, the specific configuration of bedrock amplifies ground motions at the downtown area by focusing of seismic waves and/or interference between incident S-waves and surface-waves secondarily generated at the basin-edge. Studying 3D bedrock structure is an urgent issue for microzoning an urban area in a sedimentary basin.     

青藏高原周缘地区大地震发生的地球物理条件的新认识

青藏高原周缘是我国的主要强震区之一，也是地球物理场变异带和地壳陡变带，前人研究的结果表明强震的发生与它们有密切的关系。在前人研究的基础上经过仔细分析，认为强震往往发生在地球物理场变异带和地壳陡变带等值线由密集变为舒缓或斜坡带上，这可为地震地点的预测、潜在震源区的划分、地震参数的确定，提供基本的必要条件。     

GPS精密定位中的海潮位移改正

根据海洋负荷潮理论，利用NAO99b全球海潮模型，计算了中国部分IGS站的海潮位移改正，并将海潮位移改正应用到GPS数据处理当中。在GAMIT软件的解算过程中，分别按加入和不加入海潮位移改正，对GPS基线分量和测站坐标分别进行了计算和比较分析。结果表明，海潮位移改正无论是对GPS基线分量还是对测站坐标，都有一定的影响。     

青藏高原及其邻区岩石层三维密度结构

搜集了青藏高原及其邻近区域的S波速度三维层析成像结果和2万多个实测重力点资料，将重力资料进行各种改正并网格化为30′×30′的布格重力异常．首先采用密度差与S波速度差之间的经验关系式，建立青藏地区岩石层密度的初始模型，再利用布格重力异常进行阻尼最小二乘法反演，得到青藏地区岩石层三维密度分布结果．反演结果表明：（1）青藏高原岩石层密度分布不仅在纵向上不均匀，而且在横向存在明显的不均匀．在深度10－70km范围内，高原整体呈低密度特性，在50－70km深度范围内低密度特征更加突出，与周缘地区存在0，1g／cm³的密度差．而在90－110km深度范围内，高原岩石层地幔显示密度高．（2）岩层密度分布与大地构造有明显相关的分区性，显示出青藏块体、巴颜喀拉块体、塔里木块体和印度块体．     

利用相关分析划分重力异常

本文从理论上对相关分析法区分重力异常的可行性进行了论述，并从一元线性回归方程着手，对大地水准面上的重力值与相应的地形高程作了相关分析，通过分析，认为在区域性小比例主均衡补偿基本完善的条件下，重力值与高程有极好的线性相关关系；当计算窗口较大时，地下的局部不均匀体，不足以破坏重力值与高程的相头发一，所以，在实际工作中，利用相关分析处理重力资料的叠加场，可以收到较好的效果，且方法简单易行。     

我国国家大地网的地壳形变改正探讨

以2000网为例，根据1991～2001年累积的GPS重复观测资料，利用GIPSY软件建立具有1115个测点的地壳运动模型。在此基础上，采用双三次样条函数数值拟合法，模拟出2000网网点相对西安基准站的地壳形变改正值，并给出了效果图。     

长距离单历元单频非差北斗网络差分方法

针对北斗卫星导航系统现有的网络差分方法多是基于GPS系统并采用双差定位模型,而双差定位模型的采用使得网络差分方法存在一些缺陷的问题,该文提出一种长距离单历元单频非差北斗网络差分方法;首先长距离北斗基准站网向覆盖区域内的北斗用户提供非差误差改正数;然后用户内插计算出自己所需的非差误差改正数,并改正北斗单频伪距观测值的误差;最后进行单历元单频网络差分定位。实验表明,该方法能够使用单历元单频伪距观测数据实现长距离北斗网络差分定位。