岩体工程质量分级应用研究

岩体质量评价采用的测试技术包括地质勘察、弹性波检测和室内岩石力学试验。结合水布垭水利枢纽大坝建基岩体工程质量评价实例,对岩体工程质量分级的应用进行了研究。     

小型土石坝加密抗液化离心机振动台试验研究

地震作用下土石坝液化易导致坝坡失稳滑移等严重后果,加密法是常用的抗液化手段之一。针对坝趾压重与坝壳翻压两种坝身加密加固方法,开展了离心机振动台试验,分析了不同加密型抗液化处理的小型土石坝坝坡地震响应规律。试验结果表明,由于高水头作用下坝坡底部土体软化,未处理坝坡加速度放大系数沿高程先减小后增大,而加密坝坡加速度放大系数沿高程逐渐增大,且坝坡表面处加速度存在表面放大现象。坝趾压重和坝壳翻压提高了坝身有效应力,降低地震产生的超静孔压比,有效防止土体液化。未处理坝坡在峰值加速度为0.24g地震作用下即发生坝趾液化现象,而加密坝坡在峰值加速度为0.24g和0.45g下均未发生液化。未处理坝坡整体侧向位移大,加密处理后,在峰值加速度为0.24g下坝坡整体表现为竖向位移。坝趾压重区坝趾水平位移明显减小,坝壳翻压区坡顶沉降减小了50%。试验结果验证了坝趾压重和坝壳翻压的抗液化效果,为小型土石坝抗震加固设计提供了参考。     

Field study of set-up effect in open-ended PHC pipe piles

Large-scale field tests were conducted to study set-up effect in open-ended prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles jacked into stratified soil. Four open-ended prestressed high-strength concrete pipe piles with 13 and 18 m in embedment depth were fully instrumented with fiber Bragg grating sensors and installed. Several restrike dynamic tests were performed on each test pile, with the time interval from 21.5 to 284 hours after installation. Static loading tests (SLTs) were later performed on each test pile at 408 hours after installation to substantiate the dynamic tests. Changes with time in pile bearing capacity and in the shaft and toe resistances were studied based on the results of the pile tests. The development of shaft resistance set-up in different layers was studied in particular. It was found that set-up effect in the shaft resistance is significant and the toe resistance increment was minor. The overall set-up factor of total bearing capacity was found to range from 0.09 to 0.53, and the set-up effect of friction pile is much larger than the end bearing pile. More significant set-up in shaft resistance was observed in fill and alluvium layer. The dimensionless set-up factor A for shaft resistance in marine deposits ranges from 0.5 to 1.43, and it contributes the most to the shaft resistance as the shaft resistance in marine deposits is higher.     

陕西旬阳县210国道6号边坡变形特征初步研究

通过现场工程地质勘探、室内物理力学实验并利用FLAC2D数值分析软件对陕西旬阳县某堆积层边坡进行变形特征的实例分析,考查了坡体岩土体的粘聚力、内摩擦角数值与坡脚开挖深度的变化后,得出浅层岩土体较深层岩土体的滑动趋势与滑动位移均较大,并且浅层岩土体滑移变形对深层岩土体具有牵引力作用。最后对该类型堆积层坡体滑动的防治措施提出了一些看法。     

考虑桩底沉渣的灌注桩可靠度分析方法

基桩的完整性检测不一定都能够检测到基桩中的缺陷,这些缺陷将会影响到基桩的安全性。为此,提出了考虑基桩可能出现缺陷时的基桩可靠度分析方法。以单桩桩底可能出现的沉渣缺陷为例,采用全概率理论将完整桩的失效概率和桩底含有沉渣的桩的失效概率有机地结合起来,得到了单桩的失效概率。采用基桩承载力折减系数来定量地考虑沉渣对基桩承载力的影响,并进一步推导了桩底含沉渣的基桩承载力偏差系数和变异系数的计算公式。算例分析表明,所提方法能够定量地反映基桩中可能出现的沉渣对基桩可靠度的影响。桩底沉渣对桩的可靠指标具有明显的不利影响。随着沉渣厚度和桩的直径的增加,桩底含有沉渣的桩的可靠指标逐渐减小;桩的可靠指标随着桩长的增加逐渐增大。如果不考虑桩可能出现沉渣的质量问题,基桩的安全性将明显地被高估。基桩的完整性检测可以有效地提高基桩的安全性。     

海堤生态化建设技术的研究进展及推进我国海堤生态化建设的建议

文章介绍了国外海堤生态化建设技术的研究进展,包括海堤结构改造和绿植化研究,其中,海堤结构改造包括建造阶梯式海堤、海堤表面微栖息地改造、建造栖息地长凳、模拟岩石栖息地和海堤绿植化等。国外主要对海堤表面生境进行修复,国内研究则集中在海堤生态化建设的工程技术和采用生态护坡材料对传统海堤进行改造上。在结合海堤生态化相关研究的基础上,对我国海堤生态化建设提出了完善海堤生态化建设技术规范体系、加强海堤生态化关键技术研究、开展海堤生态化适宜性分析和生态化后监管系统等建议。     

Tsunami-like solitary waves impinging and overtopping an impermeable seawall: Experiment and RANS modeling

This study investigates tsunami-like solitary waves impinging and overtopping an impermeable trapezoidal seawall on a 1:20 sloping beach. New laboratory experiments are performed for describing three typical cases: a turbulent bore rushes inland and subsequently impacts and overtops the seawall (Type 1); a wave directly collapses on the seawall and then generates overtopping flow (Type 2); and, a wave straightforwardly overtops the seawall crown and collapses behind the seawall (Type 3). A two-dimensional volume of fluid (VOF) type model called the COBRAS (COrnell BReaking And Structure) model, which is based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations and the k–ε turbulence closure solver, is validated by experimental data and then applied to investigate wave dynamics for which laboratory data are unavailable. Additionally, a set of numerical experiments is conducted to examine the dynamic wave acting force due to waves impacting the seawall. Effects of wave nonlinearity and freeboard are elucidated. Special attention is given to a distinct vortex evolutionary behavior behind the seawall, in which the dynamic properties of entrapped air-bubbles are briefly addressed experimentally and numerically.     

Bed changes at toe of inclined seawalls

This study was carried out to investigate the scour phenomenon at the toe of seawalls and the different parameters that affected it. Experiments were achieved using different wave steepnesses, bed material grain sizes, wall positions and inclinations. Based on experimental results, the parametric plots of toe scour for smooth impermeable inclined seawalls were prepared. Also, this paper presents the bed changes prediction at seawalls toe using artificial neural networks on the basis of experimental data to widen the range of application. Suitability of using a neural network model was developed, and a model was validated. It is proposed that this model can be used in coastal engineering applications.     

桩-土-承台共同作用的简化分析方法

从桩与承台下地基土共同分担荷载的基本条件出发,提出了一种从单桩荷载沉降曲线入手的桩-土-承台共同作用简化分析方法。在给定单桩荷载水平下,假定承台下桩间土的变形量等于此时单桩沉降量,求解相应的板底应力,从而可以得到任意桩荷载水平下的承台荷载分担量,而不必将桩的受荷水平限制在极限荷载。将基础沉降分为桩间土变形量及桩端下卧土层的整体压缩量两部分进行分析。桩间土变形量等于单桩在给定荷载水平下的沉降量,而桩端下卧土层的整体压缩量则由承台与桩两部分荷载引起,可以相对准确地预测基础沉降量。工程实例分析与实测结果的比较表明该方法是可行的。     

Modelling of the retreat process of composite riverbank in the Jingjiang Reach using the improved BSTEM

Bank retreat in the Jingjiang Reach is closely related not only to the near‐bank intensity of fluvial erosion but also to the composition and mechanical properties of bank soils. Therefore, it is necessary to correctly simulate bank retreat to determine the characteristics of fluvial processes in the Jingjiang Reach. The current version of bank stability and toe erosion model (5.4) was improved to predict riverbank retreat, by inputting a dynamic water table, and calculating the approximation of the distribution of dynamic pore water pressure in the soil near the river bank face, and considering the depositional form of the failed blocks, which is assumedly based on a triangular distribution, with the slope approximately equalling the stable submerged bank slope and half of collapsed volume deposited in the bank‐toe region. The degrees of riverbank stability at Jing34 were calculated using the improved bank stability and toe erosion model. The results indicate the following trends: (a) the degrees of riverbank stability were high during the dry season and the rising stage, which led to minimal bank failure, and (b) the stability degrees were low during the flood season and the recession stage, with the events of bank collapse occurring frequently, which belonged to a stage of intensive bank erosion. Considering the effects of bank‐toe erosion, water table lag, and the depositional form of the collapsed bank soil, the bank‐retreat process was simulated at the right riverbank of Jing34. The model‐predicted results exhibit close agreement with the measured data, including the total bank‐retreat width and the collapsed bank profile. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to determine the quantitative effects of toe erosion and water table lag on the degree of bank stability. The calculated results for toe erosion indicate that the amount of toe erosion was largest during the flood season, which was a primary reason for bank failure. The influence of water table lag on the degree of stability demonstrates that water table lag was an important cause of bank failure during the recession stage.