膜生物反应器中膜污染机理及其防治

通过向一体式膜生物反应器中分别投加聚合铝和粉煤灰改变料液性质,来预防膜污染和提高膜生物反应器对总磷的去除效率,并通过X射线衍射和红外光谱实验分析活性污泥性质的变化,利用扫描电镜分析中空纤维膜表观结构的变化情况,探讨防治膜污染的机理.实验结果表明:聚合铝的投加改变了活性污泥的性质和生物膜的表观结构,可有效地减缓膜污染,且除磷效率达85%以上;而投加粉煤灰并没有明显效果.     

钾霞石制备体系碱性滤液的利用技术

为处理钾长石水热制备钾霞石所产生的碱性滤液,本文采用水热法,考察了氢氧化铝溶解时间、晶化时间、晶化温度、水碱比对钾霞石产率和白度的影响,并对合成钾霞石物相进行了表征。结果表明,合成钾霞石的最佳条件为,氢氧化铝溶解时间为1.5 h,晶化时间为4 h,晶化温度280℃,水碱比为1.8。XRD结果表明,产物为钾霞石粉体。傅里叶变换红外光谱表明,Al(OH)₃中的Al在水热条件下进入到Si—O骨架中形成了Si—O—Al官能团,从而印证了钾霞石的合成。差热分析结果表明,合成钾霞石具有良好的热稳定性。氮气吸附结果表明,合成钾霞石比表面积为5.18 m²/g,平均孔径为32.98 nm。实现了钾长石水热制备钾霞石所剩碱性滤液的资源化利用,并为钾长石水热制备钾霞石提供了一种母液循环的思路,使水热制备钾霞石工业化成为一种可能。     

Brick tea and its health impact

Tea bush is one of the plants cultivated in acidic soil, and is a typical hyper-accumulator of F and Al. Brick tea is a kind of brick-formed tea compressed using the older and coarse leaves and branches of tea trees. Brick tea mixed with milk is drunk as a daily indispensable beverage for Mongols, Ewenki, and other minority nationalities in the pastoral and semi-pastoral areas of Northwest China. It is reported that drinking brick tea can result in dental and skeletal fluorosis due to the high F content in it. Because Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is related with Al in human brain, and Al has potential toxicities for skeletal and neural systems,     

由膨润土提铝残渣直接合成五配位体有机硅化合物

研究了以膨润土提铝残渣为原料，采用低温加热法直接合成有机硅化合物新方法。由实验确定了最佳的合成条件。用红外光谱法和X射线衍射法分析了合成产物的结构。结果表明，当以碱金属氢氧化物为介质时，合成的产物为五配位体有机硅化合物；在最佳合成条件下，钠盐和锂盐的收率分别为63．0％和44．9％。     

深部钻探铝合金钻杆开发应用

铝合金钻杆具有质量轻、比强度高、钻进深度大等特点,开发并应用铝合金钻杆对提高我国难进入地区钻探施工效率、推动深部科学钻探技术进步以及节能降耗等具有重大现实意义。本文介绍了我国铝合金钻杆批量化、系列化开发与应用的现状,并重点分析了铝合金钻杆应用技术特点、试制关键技术、室内试验和推广应用情况;根据铝合金钻杆的实钻应用情况及研发趋势,提出了我国铝合金钻杆开发的新构想。     

钻井利器的故事之“铝合金钻杆”

地球科学的发展对地球深部数据的依赖程度越来越高,作为“入地”重要手段的科学超深井工程是研究深部地质学的重要方法,被誉为是“伸入地壳的望远镜”。与钢钻杆相比,铝合金钻杆以其独特的优越性(质量轻、比强度高、钻进深度深、所需能耗少),已成为难进入地区、大位移井、超深井等钻柱设计的优选方案。本文从科普的角度介绍了钻柱与钻杆的区别、钻柱的使用极限长度、铝合金钻杆的技术优势及其现存的不足之处,以此提高对铝合金钻杆的认识,促进铝合金钻杆的研究和发展。     

A 3.5 Ga record of water-limited, acidic weathering conditions on Mars

The secondary mineral budget on Earth is dominated by clay minerals, Al-hydroxides, and Fe-oxides, which are formed under the moderate pH, high water-to-rock ratio conditions typical of Earth's near-surface environment. In contrast, geochemical analyses of rocks and soils from landed missions to Mars indicate that secondary mineralogy is dominated by Mg (± Fe, Ca)-sulfates and Fe-oxides. This discrepancy can be explained as resulting from differences in the chemical weathering environment of Earth and Mars. We suggest that chemical weathering processes on Mars are dominated by: (1) a low-pH, sulfuric acid-rich environment in which the stoichiometric dissolution of labile mineral phases such as olivine and apatite (± Fe–Ti oxides) is promoted; and (2) relatively low water-to-rock ratio, such that other silicate phases with slower dissolution rates (e.g., plagioclase, pyroxene) do not contribute substantially to the secondary mineral budget at the Martian surface. Under these conditions, Al-mobilization is limited, and the formation of significant Al-bearing secondary phases (e.g., clays, Al-hydroxides, Al-sulfates) is inhibited. The antiquity of rock samples analyzed in-situ on Mars suggest that water-limited acidic weathering conditions have more than likely been the defining characteristic of the Martian aqueous environment for billions of years.     

滇池水中铝的形态分布初探

采用铬天青S光度法对滇池水中的总铝和各主要形态铝进行分析，并利用简单易行的紫外吸收表征水中有机物污染程度和颗粒物含量，初步探讨了各因素的变化对铝形态分布的影响。     

Aragonite from Mulanshan Glaucophane Schist: Implications for Regional Evolution of Southwestern Dabie Mountains, Central China

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山东半岛北部滨浅海区表层沉积物铝物源鉴别

Surface sediment samples in the near shore area of the north Shandong Peninsula are collected for grain size and element analyses. The results indicate that the surface sediments in the study area are primarily composed of the silt-sized components similar to the Huanghe River. The total concentration of aluminum varies from 5.57% to7.37%(average(6.33 ± 0.40)%), and its spatial distribution is mainly controlled by the grain size. Correlations between the ratio of aluminum to titanium concentration and aluminum concentration, titanium concentration and the mean grain size indicate that aluminum in the near shore surface sediments is affected majorly by the terrigenous source, and partially by the anthropogenic source. The ratios of aluminum to titanium concentrations are larger than the background value of loess matter at some stations due to the existence of excess aluminum associated with human activities. Thus, the sources of aluminum should be identified firstly when aluminum is used as an index of terrigenous matter even in the near shore area dominated by terrigenous deposits.