NaCl胁迫下杂交稻农艺性状配合力及遗传力分析

采用4×4不完全双列杂交设计,在NaCl胁迫下对杂交水稻主要农艺性状进行了配合力和遗传力分析.结果表明,在调查的10个性状中有4个性状受NaCl胁迫影响差异较大,母本的千粒重及父本的粒厚一般配力差异显著,杂交组合的株高、粒厚、结实率及千粒重特殊配合力差异极显著,其中杂交组合N28S×中花14具有较高的配合力,受NaCl胁迫影响较低。株高及千粒重的广义遗传力和狭义遗传力均较高,可作为杂交水稻耐盐性的选育依据。     

The state of land subsidence and prediction approaches due to groundwater withdrawal in China

This article gives a general introduction to land subsidence with the prediction approaches due to withdrawal of groundwater in three subsided/subsiding regions in China: the deltaic plain of Yangtse River (YRDP), North China Plain (NCP), and Fenwei Plain (FP). On YRDP, Shanghai is the typical subsided/subsiding city; on NCP Tianjin is the typical subsided/subsiding city, and on FP Taiyuan is the typical subsided/subsiding city. The subsided area with subsidence over 200 mm on YRDP is about 10,000 km² and the maximum subsided value reached 2.9 m at Shanghai; on NCP the subsided area reached 60,000 km² with the maximum subsidence of 3.9 m at Tianjing; on FP the subsided area is relatively smaller than that on the other two plains and is about 1,135 km² with maximum subsidence of 3.7 m at Taiyuan city. In order to protect the civil and industrial facilities, it is necessary to predict the future development of land subsidence based on present state. Many researchers proposed several approaches to predict the land subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal according to different geological conditions and groundwater withdrawal practice. This article classifies these approaches into five categories: (i) statistical methods; (ii) 1D numerical method; (iii) quasi-3D seepage model; (iv) 3D seepage model; (v) fully coupled 3D model. In China, the former four categories are presently employed in the prediction practice and their merits and demerits are discussed. According to the prediction practice, 3D seepage model is the best method presently.     

被断裂破坏的盖层封闭能力评价方法及其应用

断层对盖层的破坏主要表现为两个方面:一是减小了盖层的连续封盖面积,二是减小了盖层的厚度。盖层被断层破坏的主要影响因素有断层的断距、倾角和盖层厚度。通过对影响因素研究,提出了盖层有效断接厚度的新概念和计算方法。根据我国部分与断层有关的大-中型气田气柱高度资料,发现了有效断接厚度与所能封闭的最大气柱高度的对数线性关系,并由此提出了评价被断层破坏的盖层封闭能力的新方法。通过对库车坳陷库姆格列木群膏泥岩盖层的应用研究,所得结论与勘探实践完全吻合,证明所提出的评价方法是可行的。     

鲁中南隆起区第四纪晚期断裂活动特征

根据野外调查，并综合前人的研究资料，对鲁中南地区第四纪晚期断裂活动进行了分析，研究表明，鲁中南隆起区第四纪断裂活动具有时空不均匀性，主要表现为第四纪时期断层活动强度变化和断裂活动的群集性以及第四纪晚期断裂活动段分布的局限性上。对于鲁中南地区而言，活动断层可以分为中更新世中期（500kaBP)至晚更新世初期（90kaBP)活断层和晚更新世中、晚期至全新世早期活断层两类；其中前一类（主要是中更新世断裂）断裂数量较多，分布较为广泛，而晚更新世晚期以来的活动断裂段的数量较少，分布较局限。它们对地震的控制能力不同，前者可控制5．5级左右的地震，而后一类可控制6－7级地震的发生。     

Triple diagram method for the prediction of wave height and period

Many formulations have been developed so far to predict the wave height and period from fetch length and wind blowing duration for a constant wind speed. This study aimed to predict wave parameters from fetch length and meteorological factors by using triple diagram methodology based on Kriging principles. Proposed model results were compared with Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP) model which is used so commonly in the ocean and coastal engineering studies. For the implementation of the methodology hourly wave and wind data were obtained from a buoy located in Lake Ontario. Numerical and graphical comparisons demonstrated that the proposed method outperforms the classical formulation.     

Filters for linear sea-wave prediction

Deterministic sea-wave prediction (DSWP) models are appearing in the literature designed for quiescent interval prediction in marine applications dominated by large swell seas. The approach has focused upon spectral methods which are straightforward and intuitively attractive. However, such methods have the disadvantage that while the sea is aperiodic in nature, the standard discrete spectral processing techniques force an absolutely periodic structure onto the resulting sea surface prediction models. As it is the shape of the sea surface that is important in such applications, particularly near the end of the domain which is important, the standard windowing techniques used in signal processing work to reduce leakage artifacts cannot be employed. This has necessitated the use of end matching methods that can be both inconvenient and may reduce the fraction of the time for which legitimate predictions are available. As a result, an investigation has been undertaken of the use of finite impulse response prediction filters to provide the necessary dispersive phase shifting required in DSWP systems. The present work examines the theoretical basis for such filters and explores their properties together with their application to both long and short crested swell seas. It is shown that wide band forms of such filters are only convergent in the sense of distributions having both infinite duration impulse responses and asymptotically divergent first derivatives. However, appropriate band limitation can produce useful finite impulse responses allowing implementation via standard discrete convolution methods. It is demonstrated that despite the prediction filters having a non-causal impulse response such filters can be used in practice due to a combination of the asymmetric nature of the impulse response and the fundamental nature of the prediction process. The findings are confirmed against actual sea-wave data.     

长江中下游6月份降水的一个预报指标

根据１９６３－１９９２年嵊山海洋站２月海气感热输送和２２ａ太阳磁周期与降水的关系，提出了一个长江中下游６月降水的综合预报指标，用此指标，对１９９３年６月长江中下游降水进行回报，结果与实况一致。     

数字水准仪标尺编码原理研究

数字水准仪的标尺编码规则直接影响其测量精度.基于现有几种数字水准仪标尺编码的特点,归纳出标尺条码的编码衡量指标:信息密度、分辨率和纠错能力.以条码的最大编码容量与单个码区长度之比值衡量其承载的信息密度;利用光学系统的点扩散函数研究条码图像的分辨率,即相邻边缘的相互影响,得出码元相邻边缘的间距相等时,影响最小的结论;用相关系数或编码所用函数本身的性质表征条码的纠错能力.依据编码指标建立一套新的标尺编码规则:以格雷码为数值码,固定宽度的码元为参考码,两者交替组合.分析表明,该种编码不但信息密度大,分辨率高,而且纠错能力强.     

断层垂向封闭性定量研究方法及其在准噶尔盆地白家海凸起东道海子断裂带应用

断层的垂向封闭能力主要取决于断面的紧闭程度和断裂带内填充物的岩性。在定量计算断面正压力和断层两侧地层泥地比的基础上,提出了断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)的概念,并将其定义为断面正压力与断层两侧地层泥地比的乘积。通过该参数可以定量评价断层的垂向封闭能力。以准噶尔盆地东道海子断裂为例,在建立断层垂向封油、气能力评价标准的基础上,应用断层垂向封闭因子(Fvs)定量评价了该断裂带的成藏期垂向封闭性及现今垂向封闭性,分析了该断裂带对油气成藏的控制作用,得到较好效果。     

Prediction of UT1–UTC,LOD and AAM χ<Subscript>3</Subscript> by combination of least-squares and multivariate stochastic methods

This article presents the application of a multivariate prediction technique for predicting universal time (UT1–UTC), length of day (LOD) and the axial component of atmospheric angular momentum (AAM χ ₃). The multivariate predictions of LOD and UT1–UTC are generated by means of the combination of (1) least-squares (LS) extrapolation of models for annual, semiannual, 18.6-year, 9.3-year oscillations and for the linear trend, and (2) multivariate autoregressive (MAR) stochastic prediction of LS residuals (LS + MAR). The MAR technique enables the use of the AAM χ ₃ time-series as the explanatory variable for the computation of LOD or UT1–UTC predictions. In order to evaluate the performance of this approach, two other prediction schemes are also applied: (1) LS extrapolation, (2) combination of LS extrapolation and univariate autoregressive (AR) prediction of LS residuals (LS + AR). The multivariate predictions of AAM χ ₃ data, however, are computed as a combination of the extrapolation of the LS model for annual and semiannual oscillations and the LS + MAR. The AAM χ ₃ predictions are also compared with LS extrapolation and LS + AR prediction. It is shown that the predictions of LOD and UT1–UTC based on LS + MAR taking into account the axial component of AAM are more accurate than the predictions of LOD and UT1–UTC based on LS extrapolation or on LS + AR. In particular, the UT1–UTC predictions based on LS + MAR during El Niño/La Niña events exhibit considerably smaller prediction errors than those calculated by means of LS or LS + AR. The AAM χ ₃ time-series is predicted using LS + MAR with higher accuracy than applying LS extrapolation itself in the case of medium-term predictions (up to 100 days in the future). However, the predictions of AAM χ ₃ reveal the best accuracy for LS + AR.