Simulation and measurement of surface shear stress over isolated and closely spaced transverse dunes in a wind tunnel

Topographic interactions generate multidirectional and unsteady air?ow that limits the application of velocity pro?le approaches for estimating sediment transport over dunes. Results are presented from a series of wind tunnel simulations using Irwin‐type surface‐mounted pressure sensors to measure shear stress variability directly at the surface over both isolated and closely spaced sharp‐crested model dunes. Findings complement existing theories on secondary air?ow effects on stoss transport dynamics and provide new information on the in?uence of lee‐side air?ow patterns on dune morphodynamics. For all speeds investigated, turbulent unsteadiness at the dune toe indicates a greater, more variable surface shear, despite a signi?cant drop in time‐averaged measurements of streamwise shear stress at this location. This effect is believed suf?cient to inhibit sediment deposition at the toe and may be responsible for documented intermittency in sand transport in the toe region. On the stoss slope, streamline compression and ?ow acceleration cause an increase in ?ow steadiness and shear stress to a maximum at the crest that is double that at the toe of the isolated dune and 60–70 per cent greater than at ?ow reattachment on the lower stoss of closely spaced dunes. Streamwise ?ow accelerations, rather than turbulence, have greater in?uence on stress generation on the stoss and this effect increases with stoss slope distance and with incident wind speed. Reversed ?ow within the separation cell generates signi?cant surface shear (30–40 per cent of maximum values) for both spacings. This supports ?eld studies that suggest reversed ?ow is competent enough to return sediment to the dune directly or in a de?ected direction. High variability in shear at reattachment indicates impact of a turbulent shear layer that, despite low values of time‐averaged streamwise stress in this region, would inhibit sediment accumulation. Downwind of reattachment, shear stress and ?ow steadiness increase within 6 h (h = dune height) of reattachment and approach upwind values by 25 h. A distance of at least 30 h is suggested for full boundary layer recovery, which is comparable to ?uvial estimates. The Irwin sensor used in this study provides a reliable means to measure skin friction force responsible for sand transport and its robust, simple, and cost‐effective design shows promise for validating these ?ndings in natural dune settings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原东北侧一次MCC环境流场特征分析

对１９９１年７月２８日青藏高原东北侧发生的一次中尺度对流复合体天气过程进行了环境和要素场分析，给出该类天气过程预报提示。     

多年冻土区铁路路基病害整治

The paper analyses the treatment measurements of railway roadbed main diseases in permafrost regions. Taking lessons from the diseases finally the mature experiences of treatments are offered.     

计算机地形分析中的多边形迭加问题

在计算机地形分析中,研究地形多要素迭加分析的关键是解决多边形的迭加问题。本文通过对多边形迭加的数学方法的研究,提出了适合计算机多要素分析的原理和方法。     

阻塞结构对近海台风异常路径影响的数值试验

采用数值试验方法，研究了近海台风移动路径对环境动力因子的敏感性特征。数值模拟结果表明，台风北侧阻塞高压结构的变化，对近海台风路径异常现象的发生有显著影响。     

地震子波旁瓣对薄砂体识别的影响

我们研究中国西部某盆地一些气田时,发现地震子波旁瓣在很大程度上影响着薄砂体的识别和解释。该区目的层段H段地层中,辫状河流相薄砂岩储层与湖相泥岩成互层。在地震资料上,来自H段地层顶面的强波谷总跟随一个弱波峰(源于子波旁瓣),此弱波峰与薄砂体顶面反射波峰相互叠合,掩盖了砂体反射,造成了薄砂体识别和解释的困难。为此,我们设计了一套正演模型,利用不同频率的零相位雷克子波合成人工地震剖面,来研究砂体位置、频率与地震子波旁瓣效应的关系,以及振幅类属性与薄砂体关系。提出处于高位置的砂体反射形态清晰,易于识别解释;认为通过对比不同带通滤波处理后的地震资料,可很好辨别旁瓣效应和砂体反射;同时发现振幅类属性可作为薄砂体识别表征参数,可有效合理地描述砂体分布范围和特征。     

青藏高原北侧地区干湿年夏季垂直环流差异的对比分析及青藏高原的热力影响

为了分析西北干旱的形成原因，本文首先利用高原北侧地区５站历年夏季的降水量资料等，制定了该区的干湿标准，划分了历年夏季的干湿等级。接着又利用ＥＣＭＷＦ的格点资料等对比分析了该区干湿年夏季间垂直环流的差异，也探讨了青藏高原地面热状况与高原北侧干湿状况的联系。其主要结论是：１）文中制定的以降水标准差为判据的干湿标准适合西北干旱区；２）高原北侧干湿年夏季间在高原北侧和高原上的垂直环流存在明显差异；３）青藏高原地面热状况与上列差异有关，也即青藏高原的热力作用是西北干旱的重要成因之一。     

大广坝土坝放样及精度分析

本文介绍了土坝坡脚线放样方法，并对精度作了分析。     

坑道透视中磁偶极发射天线的试验研究

坑道电磁波透视中,用磁偶极发射天线代替电偶极发射天线后,测量工作速度快、效率高,经与电天线作对比观测,其效果几乎与电天线一样,同步及反射观测所获异常明显。试验结果表明,采用磁天线作为发射天线是可行的。     

地面网与空间网联合平差中起算边长和起算方位角权的确定

本文全面分析了拉普拉斯方位角和起算边长的精度，指出了联合平差中这两类元素不能作为固定值，而应视为变量且赋予相应的权，并对权的取法进行了探讨。