Shaler: in situ analysis of a fluvial sedimentary deposit on Mars

This paper characterizes the detailed sedimentology of a fluvial sandbody on Mars for the first time and interprets its depositional processes and palaeoenvironmental setting. Despite numerous orbital observations of fluvial landforms on the surface of Mars, ground‐based characterization of the sedimentology of such fluvial deposits has not previously been possible. Results from the NASA Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity rover provide an opportunity to reconstruct at fine scale the sedimentary architecture and palaeomorphology of a fluvial environment on Mars. This work describes the grain size, texture and sedimentary facies of the Shaler outcrop, reconstructs the bedding architecture, and analyses cross‐stratification to determine palaeocurrents. On the basis of bedset geometry and inclination, grain‐size distribution and bedform migration direction, this study concludes that the Shaler outcrop probably records the accretion of a fluvial barform. The majority of the outcrop consists of large‐scale trough cross‐bedding of coarse sand and granules. Palaeocurrent analyses and bedform reconstruction indicate that the beds were deposited by bedforms that migrated towards the north‐east, across the surface of a bar that migrated south‐east. Stacked cosets of dune cross‐bedding suggest aggradation of multiple bedforms, which provides evidence for short periods of sustained flow during Shaler deposition. However, local evidence for aeolian reworking and the presence of potential desiccation cracks within the outcrop suggest that fluvial deposition may have been intermittent. The uppermost strata at Shaler are distinct in terms of texture and chemistry and are inferred to record deposition from a different sediment dispersal system with a contrasting provenance. The outcrop as a whole is a testament to the availability of liquid water on the surface of Mars in its early history.     

广东一次寒潮8级大风物理过程分析

本文利用NCEP1°×1°的网格点分析资料和常规观测资料对2006年1月4～7日广东寒潮造成的广东海面8级大风过程进行了物理机制分析.结果表明:受强冷空气南下影响,有着较深厚的强冷平流输送,加之高空动量下传的共同作用,故而造成了广东东、西部海面先后出现了8级大风过程.这为以后更准确地预报广东海面大风提供了良好的依据.     

黄、渤海沿海大风变化特征及影响系统

利用1981—2010年黄、渤海沿海44个气象站大风资料,根据中央气象台对近海海区的划分,分析了近30 a黄、渤海近海5海区大风的气候特征,以及通过天气分型对2008—2012年黄、渤海沿海大风的影响系统进行了统计,结果表明:近30 a黄、渤海沿海5海区日最大风速≥6级和≥8级日数呈递减趋势,1980s大风日数较多,各海区≥6级大风在1981年和1987年前后均有两个峰值。≥6级大风日数随季节变化的峰值,渤海海区出现在春季,黄海南部海区是春季、夏季8月和秋季11月,渤海海峡、黄海北部和中部海区则主要是春季和冬季。渤海海区以偏北风和南南西风为主导风向,与其他海区以北或西北风为主的特征明显不同。冷锋是黄、渤海沿海大风最主要的影响系统,其次是气旋型和高低压型大风。另外以850 h Pa温度平流的强度、冷/暖中心的强度、等温线密集带梯度、地面高/低压强度、地面大风前3 h/24 h最强变压中心强度和地面气压梯度等要素为着眼点,对不同类型的大风指标进行了分析。     

1961～2017年遵义地区冰雹时空分布特征

本文利用CIMISS、遵义13个气象站月报表等数据,收集了1961年1月1日至2017年12月31日遵义地区气象站的冰雹、大风和降水情况,从冰雹直径、冰雹时间和空间分布、冰雹与大风的关系、冰雹与降水的关系等方面综合分析了遵义地区冰雹时空分布特征。结果表明：遵义地区降雹以小冰雹为主,发生大冰雹的概率小;降雹持续时间以短时降雹为主,降雹点1日内多次降雹可能性小;降雹日数余庆最多,赤水最少,遵义东部降雹日数最多,中部、西部和北部依次递减,大范围降雹的可能性较小;降雹时间集中在2～5月,其中4月最多,旬分布上看,5月上旬降雹日数最多;遵义地区降雹主要出现在夜间,白天集中在14～20 时;冰雹日数的年际变化和年代际变化总体呈下降的趋势,2011～2020年冰雹日数总和很可能跌破历史极值;降雹点出现大风的可能性较小,但整个遵义地区在同一天内既出现降雹又出现大风的概率高达74.23%;冰雹直径和降雨量之间呈弱的正相关。     

2008年北京奥运会沈阳极端天气事件气候背景分析

利用1951～2005年沈阳7月下旬至9月上旬的日最高气温、降水量、风和天气现象等观测资料,分别以旬为单位统计了高温、暴雨、大风、大雾和雷暴等对体育竞赛影响较大的极端天气气候事件发生的概率及分布特点,以期为2008年北京奥运会足球沈阳分赛场的足球小组赛提供气候背景服务信息。结果表明:7月下旬至9月上旬,沈阳易出现高温、暴雨、大风和雷暴等不利天气,对举办足球比赛等赛事将会产生不利影响;相对而言,8月中旬至9月上旬期间,这些不利天气发生的概率较小,对举办足球比赛等赛事较为有利。     

福建地区的大风

本文分析了福建地区大风的时空变化。结果表茫,沿海和岛屿大风明显多于内陆,高山之顶多于河谷山地。沿海、岛屿秋冬大风多,强度弱,灾害轻;春在风较少,强度大,灾害重。内陆山地大风春夏多,强度大;秋冬少、强度弱。造成大风的天气型有热带气旋型、冷空气和热带气旋共同影响型、气旋型、入海高压型、北低南高型、雷雨前型、龙卷风型。     

Increasing the usability and accessibility of geodynamic modelling tools to the geoscience community: UnderworldGUI

Geoscientists are faced with a number of complexities that represent obstacles to the development of realistic simulation of deep earth processes. Realistic 4D thermo-mechanical simulation using software packages like Underworld and Gale, when combined appropriately with geoscientific expertise, can lead to novel insights into the deformation of geological structures at a wide range of time and spatial scales. The challenge for end-user geoscientists lies in applying their knowledge within the framework of the software’s input specification, including initial, internal, and boundary conditions and output visualization parameters. We have built a Graphical User Interface (GUI) to remove many of the difficulties related to editing the Extensible Markup Language (XML) encoded input files of Underworld/Gale geomodels and therefore, to greatly broaden the user base of these software packages. By helping Underworld/Gale to meet a large audience, we provide a tool to the geoscience community that helps to move from untested conceptual models to physically valid, properly scaled modelling. Furthermore, the UnderworldGUI offers a mechanism for storing and retrieving experimental models in a centralised database, thus providing the geoscience community with a means to share the outcomes of its experimental research. Further details of the UnderworldGUI are available at the web site .

塔克拉玛干沙漠若羌-且末公路大风特征分析

以塔克拉玛干沙漠东南部若羌、且末气象站43a（1961～2003年）大风资料为依据，结合2004年的野外风沙监测资料，采用天气学、气候学和统计学相结合方法，分析了塔克拉玛干东南部大风特征及变化趋势，为塔克拉玛干沙漠东南部国道G315线若羌一且末段的选线、未来养护和防沙治沙提供科学依据。     

两个造成大风影响的热带气旋特征分析

应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对造成玉林市持续长时间大风的0307号和8517号热带气旋(TC)的特点和大尺度环境特征进行对比分析,结果表明:0307号TC自身强度强,移速快;而8517号TC则移速缓慢,登陆后转向,TC中心在玉林市逗留时间长。两个TC登陆前后的大尺度环境特征不同造成其强度和运动特点的不同。     

基于CCMP风场的近22年中国海海表风场特征分析

利用ESE(NASA Earth Science Enterprise)提供的1987 年7 月-2009 年12 月CCMP(Cross-Calibrated,Multi-Platform)风场资料,对中国海近22 年的海表风场特征进行分析.结果表明,中国海的海表风场具有明显的季节变化;6 级以上大风频率的高值中心集...