2023年春季海洋天气评述

2023年春季（3—5月）北半球大气环流特征为：极涡呈单极型,核心区呈轴对称分布,较常年平均明显偏强;中高纬呈4波型分布,北太平洋西风带比较平直,与2021年春季相似。季内我国近海冷空气活动较弱,海雾过程频繁：8级以上大风过程出现了5次,其中冷空气大风过程为3次,入海温带气旋大风过程为1次,台风大风过程为1次;比较明显的海雾过程出现了8次,其中3 月为3 次,4 月为2 次,5 月为 3次。我国近海浪高2.0 m以上的大浪过程有11次,其中4次大浪过程最大浪高超过3.0 m。海面温度呈逐渐上升趋势,东海至华南沿海一带海面温度梯度较高。全球共有7个热带气旋生成,其中2个在西北太平洋,强度达到或相当于我国超强台风级的有5个。     

北部湾海面夏季一次持续性西南大风的成因分析

根据近45 a涠洲岛气象站近地面测风资料统计北部湾海面夏季西南大风的气候特征,并用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料对2015年7月下旬出现的一次持续性西南大风进行成因分析。研究结果表明:(1)北部湾海面西南大风是一种低压(或低涡)大风,造成此次持续性西南大风产生的根本原因是中南半岛-南海西南季风持续增强;(2)西南季风增强起源于南半球澳大利亚北岸冷空气活动;与90°～110°E越赤道气流、南亚高压的加强东扩和西太平洋副热带高压的加强西伸有密切关系;(3)北部湾海面不断有南海热带低压、西南低涡和北部湾低涡等低值系统生成发展或移近或移入。     

2021年春季海洋天气评述

2021年春季(3—5月)的大气环流特征为:北半球极涡为偶极型分布,极涡较常年平均值偏强,中高纬度西风带呈现4波型。3月,南下冷空气活动偏弱,月内海雾过程频发。4月,北部海域受高压影响,低层形势场稳定,冷空气活动减弱。5月,我国近海受温带气旋影响出现大风天气。春季我国近海出现了5次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气大风过程2次,冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程1次,温带气旋影响的大风过程2次。春季共有8次海雾过程,3月3次,4月2次,5月3次。近海浪高在2 m以上的海浪过程有8次,大浪日数偏少。西北太平洋和南海共生成2个台风。我国近海的海面温度整体呈上升趋势,东部和南部海域升温明显,南部和北部海域海面温度梯度增加。     

2022年秋季海洋天气评述

2022年秋季(9—11月)北半球大气环流特征为:极涡呈偶极型,中高纬环流呈5波型分布,欧亚大陆西风带环流较为平直,西风带槽脊较弱,影响我国的冷空气势力较历史同期平均偏弱,9—10月热带气旋活动频繁。我国近海出现了14次8级以上大风过程,其中冷空气和温带气旋共同影响的大风过程为5次,冷空气和热带气旋共同影响的大风过程为5次,热带气旋大风过程为2次,冷空气大风过程为2次。西北太平洋和南海共生成13个热带气旋,全球其他海域生成22个热带气旋。我国出现2.0 m以上大浪过程的日数为80 d,约占秋季总日数的88%。秋季,我国近海海域海面温度逐月下降,北部海域海面温度较常年平均偏低,南部海域偏高。     

烟台海域海岛自动站大风对比试验

烟台北部面临黄、渤海,海岛自动站分布众多.我们发现,在同一大风过程中,各海岛自动站的风速、风向因为海拔高度、周围地形影响、下垫面摩擦的不同造成明显差异.本文主要以长岛作为渤海海峡大风的代表站,以崆峒岛和芝罘岛作为烟台北部沿海海域大风的代表站,利用便携自动站的观测数据近似代表海面大风的实况,与代表站进行大风的对比试验,对比试验的数据均采用指数廓线公式订正到海面10m高度.分析了三个海岛自动站的不同风向下的海面大风的实际代表性,并给出不同风向下的大风订正值.     

永暑礁站的云与天气现象及8级以上大风

统计分析永暑礁站1989-1998年共10a气象资料,结果表明该站的云和天气现象与8级以上大风关系密切;积雨云和浓积云均可伴有8级以上大风、龙卷和飑等;雨量愈大,愈有利于出现8级以上大风;降雨过程愈长,出现8级以上大风的机率就愈高,但有个限度,超过了这个限度,就会出现相反的情况;雷暴和闪电均具有使8级以上大风机率在有雨日升得更高、在无雨日降得更低的作用;在有龙卷(或飑)的日子里,只要龙卷(或飑)不影响本站,本站就不会出现8级以上大风。     

中国南极考察航线上气旋大风过程统计分析

综合使用“雪龙”号走航气象观测数据、SeaSpace极轨卫星云图、ERA-Interim再分析数据，研究了中国第19～34次南极考察航线上由南大洋气旋导致的气旋大风过程，分析了其发生数量及时间间隔、强度和空间分布等特征，探讨了气旋大风发生间隔与南极涛动的关系。南大洋气旋对中国南极考察航线影响频繁且强烈，气旋大风过程数量与航次时长呈显著正相关，平均而言每个航次出现约18(4)次气旋大风过程(强过程)，平均每间隔6.5(30)天就出现一次；气旋大风过程中，过程风速平均达8级，最大可达12级。但气旋大风过程的数量、发生时间间隔、最大风速都存在较为明显的航次差异。气旋大风过程时间间隔与南半球夏季南极涛动指数呈负相关，且对于发生在55°S以南的过程负相关更为显著；南极涛动通过调整中高纬度风压带强弱,并影响气旋活动数量和活动区域，进而影响考察航线上气旋大风过程发生数量和频率。气旋大风过程可以发生在南大洋和极区内的任意航段，其中以45°～60°S绕极西风带内发生最为频繁，尤其易出现在气旋中心及其北侧与副热带高压配合产生的强梯度风区内。在4个重点考察海域中，由于阿蒙森低压的存在，阿蒙森海气旋大风过程和强过程发生最为频繁，其次是南极半岛海域，而普里兹湾和罗斯海气旋大风过程频率明显低于前两个海域，由于罗斯海最为偏南，不易受到气旋大风过程影响。     

南大西洋海面风场时空特征分析

本文根据 1950 年~1995 年共 46a 的南大西洋船舶气象报资料,按 1°×1°和 5°×5°网格统计的海面风进行分析研究。通过分析每月各要素的等值线分布图,得出南大西洋海面风场季节变化不如北大西洋显著,但仍有较明显的季节变化,冬季比夏季强盛,相应的平均风速较大,6、8 级大风频率也较高。位于赤道和 25°S 之间的信风区,主要盛行东南风;副热带高压带,风速小,风向变化不定;35°S 以南的西风带风力较强。对这些规律的总结归纳,为该地区的各种活动提供了较为翔实的海面风场变化规律。     

永暑礁站的云与天气现象及8级以上大风

统计分析永暑礁站1989-1998年共10a气象资料，结果表明该站的云和天气现象与8级以上大风关系密切；积雨云和浓积云均可伴有8级以上大风、龙卷和飑等；雨量愈大，愈有利于出现8级以上大风；降雨过程愈长，出现8级以上大风的机率就愈高，但有个限度，超过了这个限度，就会出现相反的情况；雷暴和闪电均具有使8级以上大风机率在有雨日升得更高、在无雨日降得更低的作用；在有龙卷（或飑）的日子里，只要龙卷（或飑）不影响本站，本站就不会出现8级以上大风。     

渤海湾海域风况特征分析与海-陆风速对比分析

利用1988年9月-2010年8月的渤海A平台观测资料统计了渤海湾海域的风况特征,对平均风速和6级及以上大风、8级及以上大风的年变化和风向频率进行了分析,得到该海域出现大风的时间和风向、风速特征.为了讨论海上和陆上风速的对应关系,利用相同时间段的渤海A平台站和塘沽气象站观测风资料拟合了两个站风速之间的经验公式.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.