北京奥运赛期温、湿、风、云、雨的气候信息分析

分析北京城近郊区奥运会赛场临近的气象台站(南郊观象台、朝阳站、海淀站、丰台站、石景山站)1995～2004年10年8月的气温、相对湿度、风向风速、低云量、降水量等5个气象要素的气候变化,结果表明:1)19～22日有2次阴雨天气过程,气温下降幅度较大;2)5个台站的主导风向是S-SE,逐日平均风速的峰值出现在16时(北京时间),其值为2.0～3.1m.s-1;3)白天各雨量等级合计≥35%的频率出现5天;4)奥运会开幕时间(2008年8月8日20时),晴天到少云的频率占90%,阴天为10%,无雨为80%。这种气候特点为奥运会组委会、参赛运动员和观众提供了赛场环境5个气象要素的日变化规律。同时,对于奥运会的短期气象服务也有一定的参考价值。     

西太平洋云量变化与中国东部的降水

本文用“综合海洋大气资料集”(COADS)中月平均总云量资料得到了1905—1985年西太平洋地区夏季云量的历史演变.在副热带地区存在一个云量最少的带,这个云带的演变能较好地反映西太平洋副热带高压的变化.云带的位置和中心云量值具有明显的10年尺度的变化,它与中国东部雨量的变化有着明显的关系.因此它能提供近80年形成我国东部气候变化的夏季西太平洋副热带地区的环流变化的特征.     

Comparison of point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India

The relationship between point cloudiness and sunshine derived cloud cover in India is investigated using data collected from 33 stations. It has been found that point cloudiness, in general, overestimates sunshine derived cloud cover. The latitudinal dependence of the overestimation is discussed. The significance of the precise quantification of cloudiness in radiation budget studies is briefly mentioned.     

贵阳地区太阳紫外辐射变化特征及主要影响因子分析

利用贵阳地区近6年太阳紫外辐射的观测资料及相关的气象因子,分析了该地区太阳紫外辐射的变化特征。结果表明,贵阳地区紫外辐射逐时平均最大值为21W.m-2（四级强度）,瞬时最大值为26.4W.m-2,未出现很强辐射（五级）的情况;4～9月出现强紫外辐射的时段较长,在10：00～15：00可达四级;13：00强紫外辐射在4～...     

近40年青藏高原东侧地区云、日照、温度及日较差的分析

统计分析了半个世纪以来，气候变冷区域青藏高原东侧地区云，日照，温度和日较差的变化及相互关系。结果表明，青藏高原东侧地区气候变化具有显著的区域特征,总云量与日照比全国平均情况有更密切的反相关系，并且都与日较差有很好的线性相关。在春，夏季，它们都与温度有，但秋，冬季相关不明显。最后指出了云和日照可能是青藏高原东侧地区春，夏季温度变化的重要原因，而秋，冬季则与亚洲范围大气环流及青藏高原影响等有关。     

过去60年中国秦岭地区云量变化及原因分析

利用近50年秦岭地区高山站及邻近2个地面站的气象资料、季风指数及海温资料,初步分析了云量的变化特征和原因,结果表明:(1)秦岭地区云量变化呈减少趋势,其中华山站(高山)、华县和西安站(平原)夜间的低云量分别为-1.74%·(10a)-1,-1.56%·(10a)-1和-4.23%·(10a)-1,白天的分别为-0.73%·(10a)-1,-1.94%·(10a)-1和-4.62%·(10a)-1;(2)夜间高山站总云量比平原站减少的多(-1%·(10a)-1),白天减少的少(<-0.6%·(10a)-1);(3)高山站和平原站四季的低云量都是减少的,除了平原站夏季总云量是增加的外,其他季节均减少。云量变化的主要原因是:(1)局地气溶胶冷却作用,导致地面接收太阳辐射减少,使局地对流减弱,造成低云量减少;(2)由于西太平洋副热带高压面积增大,使秦岭地区总云量减少。     

Cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget in a mountainous valley

An automated-ventilated radiation station has been set up in a mountainous valley at the Logan Airport in northern Utah, USA, since mid-1995, to evaluate the daily and annual radiation budget components, and develop an algorithm to study cloudiness and its contribution to the daily and annual radiation. This radiation station (composed of pyranometers, pyrgeometers and a net radiometer) provides continuous measurements of downward and upward shortwave, longwave and net radiation throughout the year. The surface temperature and pressure, the 2-m air temperature and humidity, precipitation, and wind at this station were also measured. A heated rain gauge provided precipitation information. Using air temperature and moisture and measured downward longwave (atmospheric) radiation, appropriate formula (among four approaches) was chosen for computation of cloudless-skies atmospheric emissivity. Considering the additional longwave radiation during the cloudy skies coming from the cloud in the waveband which the gaseous emission lacks (from 8–13 μm), an algorithm was developed which provides continuous 20-min cloud information (cloud base height, cloud base temperature, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the radiation budget) over the area during day and night. On the partly-cloudy day of 3 February, 2003, for instance, cloud contributed 1.34 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1 out of 26.92 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1 to the daily atmospheric radiation. On the overcast day of 18 December, 2003, this contribution was 5.77 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1 out of 29.38 MJ m^− 2 d^− 1. The same contribution for the year 2003 amounted to 402.85 MJ m^− 2 y^− 1 out of 9976.08 MJ m^− 2 y^− 1. Observations (fog which yielded a zero cloud base height and satellite cloud imaging data) throughout the year confirmed the validity of the computed data. The nearby Bowen ratio station provided the downward radiation and net radiation data. If necessary, these data could be substituted for the missing data at the radiation station. While the automated surface observing systems (ASOS) ceilometer at the Logan airport provides only the overhead cloud information, the proposed algorithm provides this information over the valley. The proposed algorithm is a promising approach for evaluation of the cloud base temperature, cloud base height, percent of skies covered by cloud, and cloud contribution to the daily and annual radiation budget at local and regional scales.     

地面太阳辐射的变化、影响因子及其可能的气候效应最新研究进展

近几十年来,全球和我国大部分区域的地面太阳辐射都经历了一个从减少到增加的过程,也就是所谓的地球“变暗”到“变亮”;引起这种变化的原因复杂多样,总云量的变化无法完全解释,而气溶胶的变化则有可能在某些地区（包括中国）起着重要作用;地面太阳辐射的这种变化会产生重要的气候效应,在“变亮”的过程中有可能使温室气体的增暖效应表现得更加明显。从以上3个方面,对近几年国内外利用地面观测资料和卫星遥感资料所得到的最新研究成果进行了总结和分析,这些研究所揭示的与全球气候变化有关的基本事实也可以为我国的气候变化研究提供一定的参考和启示。     

Models for obtaining daily global solar irradiation from air temperature data

The study presents a critical assessment of the possibility of global solar irradiation computation by using air temperature instead of sunshine duration with the classical Ångström equations. The reason for this approach comes from the fact that, although the air temperature is a worldwide measured meteorological parameter, this is rarely used in solar radiation estimation techniques. More than that, the literature is very silent concerning the testing of such models in Eastern Europe. Two new global solar irradiation models (to be called AEAT) related to solar irradiation under clear sky conditions and having the minimum and maximum daily air temperature as input parameters were tested and compared with others from the literature against data measured at five stations in Romania in the year 2000. The accuracy of AEAT is acceptable and comparable to that of the models which use sunshine duration or cloud amount as input parameters. Since temperature-based Ångström correlations are strongly sensitive to origin, the approach for AEAT as a tool for potential users is presented in detail. Additionally reported is a new method to increase the generality of AEAT concerning the extension of the geographical application area. Based on overall results it was concluded that air temperature successfully substitutes sunshine duration in the estimation of the available solar energy.     

近40年中国云量变化的分析

本文以中美气候合作研究采用的“中华人民共和国的两个长期性仪器记录的气候数据库”为基础,分析了1950—1988年我国云量变化之概况.近40年来,除华南沿海和西南地区外,全国大部分地区云量有所减少.ENSO时间尺度和QBO的年际振荡在大部分地区有所反映.我们发现,3—4年尺度的振荡信号在60和70年代特别微弱,80年代又开始增强,和北半球60年代降温及80年代增温有良好的对应关系,表明了某些气象要素的年际变动和长期气候变化之间的一种可能联系.