北京奥运期间场馆精细预报应用及分析

基于2008年8月1—24日国家体育场、顺义水上中心等5个奥运场馆自动站的5种地面气象要素(气温、相对湿度、风向、风速、和3小时累积降水量)的观测资料,对SVM和HPFF客观预报方法以及预报员在客观方法基础上制作的3天逐3小时预报产品进行检验评估。结果表明:(1)两种客观方法相比较,HPFF方法对于预报连续变化的气象要素(如气温、相对湿度)的精细预报比SVM方法更有优势,预报技巧要高;而对不连续变化的变量(如:风向)的预报技巧低于SVM方法。总体说来,HPFF方法比SVM方法的精细要素预报技巧高一些。(2)预报员对于5种气象要素的预报技巧略高于客观方法。体现了预报员对客观方法的修正能力。(3)0～12小时预报时效内,预报员气温预报平均绝对误差约为1.2℃,气温|F-O|≤1℃的预报准确率在57%上下;相对湿度预报平均绝对误差约为7%,相对湿度|F-O|≤10%的预报准确率约为74%;风向预报准确率约为30%;风速预报平均绝对误差为1m.s-1左右,预报准确率在92%左右。(4)12～63小时预报时效内,预报员气温预报平均绝对误差约为1.7℃,气温|F-O|≤1℃的预报准确率在36%上下;相对湿度预报平均绝对误...     

北京奥运演练精细化预报方法及其检验评估

2007年北京奥运演练期间精细化场馆客观预报方法,即支持向量机方法(SVM)和半周期函数拟合(HPFF)预报方法,为场馆精细化预报产品的制作提供了有力的技术支撑.利用2007年8月1-26日国家体育场、顺义水上中心等5个奥运场馆的5种地面气象要素(气温、相对湿度、风向、风速、和3小时累积降水量)观测资料,对SVM和HPFF客观预报方法以及预报员在客观方法基础上制作的3天逐3小时预报进行了检验评估.结果表明:(1)两种客观方法相比较,HPFF方法对于预报连续变化的气象要素(如气温、相对湿度和风速)的精细预报比SVM方法预报技巧高;而对不连续变化的变量(如:风向)的预报技巧低于SVM方法.(2)预报员制作精细要素预报在很大程度上依靠客观方法.预报员对于气温、相对湿度和风速的预报技巧略高于客观方法,对于降水和风向的预报技巧与客观方法相当.尽管预报员对客观方法的修正能力比较有限,但具有对两种客观方法结果做出择优选择的综合判别能力;(3)预报员0～63小时气温预报平均绝对误差约为1.8℃,气温预报误差≤1℃的准确率在43%左右,预报误差随预报时效变化不大;0～24小时相对湿度预报平均绝对误差约为10%,相对湿度预报误差≤10%的准确率是60%,误差随预报时效而有所增大;0～63小时风向预报准确率约20%,预报准确率随预报时效变化不大;0～63小时风速预报平均绝对误差在0.8～1.4m·s-1之间.     

2013年呼和浩特市秋季PM_(2.5)浓度特征及气象条件分析

文章选取2013年9月1日—11月31日呼和浩特市污染物浓度与气象要素资料,分析了PM2.5的浓度特征,并利用灰色关联度分析法,分别计算了PM2.5与其他污染物、各气象要素的综合关联度,取与PM2.5关联度较高的气象要素,根据PM2.5在其不同区间内的超标频率,得出4种易造成PM2.5污染的气象条件：1最大风速的风向为偏东方向;2最大风速〈6m·s^-1;3气温日较差小于6℃,相对湿度大于60%,日平均风速在2m·s^-1时以下;4气温日较差在12～15℃之间,日平均气温在0～10℃之间,日平均风速在5m·s^-1以下。     

深圳海上运动场地近2年8月份气象观测要素分析

采用数理统计方法,计算并分析了深圳大亚湾附近自动站2年的温度、风向、风速、能见度等的气象资料,及近2年8月份深圳海上船舶自动站探测资料,结果表明:1)海上温度最高时段出现在13:00～15:00,平均温度32℃,海上气温较陆地偏低。2)10:00～17:00风速满足帆船比赛要求。3)08:00～17:00水平能见度均大于1 km(无浓雾出现),10:00以后能见度大部分时间可接近或大于10km。4)桔钓沙风帆赛场附近的雷电密度为0～4次/km2,为弱雷区。5)近2年8月份深圳平均每年都受1～2个热带气旋带来的大风和雷雨天气影响。     

2008年奥运会期间北京城区地面风场的分析

2008年8月8～24日北京奥运会期间,正逢中国24节气中的"立秋"。为探讨风向风速的气候变化规律,把北京城市划分成9个区域,利用9个区域中自动气象站连续监测的逐时最大风向风速数据样本,将360°风向划分为8个方位的风向,统计出该时段北京城市9个区域8个方位风向风速的气候特征:北风频率增大,南风频率减小;最大风速的风向频率日变化呈双峰型;平均最大风速的日变化,夜间维持低谷值,15～17时出现峰值。由此可见,研究"立秋"北京的风场气候特点,对于体育比赛运动、改善生活环境和城市建设等具有科学的指导意义。     

洛川国家基准气候站迁站数据对比分析

利用2013年洛川国家基准气候站迁站前后气温、相对湿度、降水量、风向风速等观测资料对比分析,发现新站月平均气温、月最低气温、降水量、2min月平均风速、最大风速大于旧站,大风日多于旧站,6—8月最高气温、相对湿度小于旧站,新旧站风向有显著差异。造成迁站前后气象要素差异的原因,主要是观测场周围环境、下垫面性质改变,海拔高度变化对气象要素的影响不明显。     

罗定站因城市环境变化给气象要素带来的影响

通过对1971～2005年35年来罗定的气象观测数据进行分析,以1996年为分界点,分析讨论罗定近10年(1996～2005年)和前25年(1971～1995年)气象要素的变化.结果表明:因城市发展,不同程度地改变了观测环境,对气象要素造成了影响,罗定气温具有显著的增暖趋势;日照时数、降水量整体呈下降趋势;最多风向频率减少,平均风速降低.     

河西走廊东部夏季沙尘暴气象要素变化特征

利用河西走廊东部民勤和凉州站1971—2013年夏季(6—8月)地面常规气象日观测资料及民勤探空站同期逐日08:00和20:00探空资料,选取民勤和凉州同一天均出现沙尘暴天气的12个沙尘暴个例,统计分析河西走廊东部夏季沙尘暴过程中风向、风速和沙尘暴持续时间、出现时间以及过程前后高低空相关气象要素的变化特征。结果表明:(1)风向、风速对河西走廊东部夏季沙尘暴天气的发生具有重要影响,在西北、西西北、西3个风向下出现沙尘暴天气的频率达75%;(2)夏季沙尘暴持续时间较短,且有75%的夏季沙尘暴出现在下午到晚上(13:00—20:00)时段;(3)夏季沙尘暴发生前大气整层湿度较小、中低层增温明显、高层有冷平流、不稳定度加大、地面为热低压控制、气温高、相对湿度小。     

萧山站迁站观测资料对比评估

利用2016年(站址迁移对比期)萧山国家一般气象站新、旧址的气温、降水、相对湿度、风向、风速等气象要素逐日观测值,采用差值标准差、降水量累计相对差值、风向相符率、显著性检验等统计方法,对以上气象要素进行对比分析,结果表明:1)新址的平均气温、最高气温、最低气温的年平均值均低于旧址,差值分别为-0.4℃、-0.7℃、-0.2℃,新、旧址的最高气温差异最大;新、旧址的平均气温、最高气温、最低气温在春、夏季节比较接近,而在秋、冬季节相差较大。2)新址相对湿度大于旧址,差值年平均为3%,新、旧址相对湿度的变化趋势基本一致,其中9—12月新旧址的相对湿度差值较大。3)新址的年降水量比旧址偏多110.3 mm,雨日比旧址偏少22 d,年降水量累计相对差值为7%,4—6月和9—11月期间新旧址的降水量观测数据差异较大。4)新址平均风速、最大风速、极大风速均比旧址偏大,差值年平均分别为2.0 m/s、3.6 m/s、3.5 m/s,新、旧址在春、夏季的风速相差较小,秋、冬季相差大,新、旧址在大风日数和静风出现次数上一致性较差;全年风向相符率为42.5%,两站址风向一致性较差。5)平均气温、降水量和平均相对湿度月(年)平均值与旧址近20 a的观测数据差异不显著,平均风速差异显著。分析认为,测站环境、海拔的不同以及小气候的影响,是造成以上要素差异的主要原因。     

日照帆船比赛期间风的特征分析

利用日照1995-2004年8月和9月风向、风速的时值、日值、旬值及各风向频率以及日照水上运动基地加密自动气象站2006-2007年8-9月逐时风向、风速等资料,对日照8-9月尤其是帆船比赛期间风向、风速的平均状况及演变特征进行了统计分析.结果表明:日照帆船比赛期间日照站和水上运动基地加密自动站风速差别不大,且日变化特征一致,均呈现出夜间风速较小,白天风速较大特征;起风时间也一致,上午9:00风速开始增大到3.0m*s-1以上,平均最大风速时间段均出现在12:00-16:00之间;略有差别的是两个站8-9月各旬平均最大风速出现时间段的平均风速大小有所不同,8月上旬、中旬和9月中旬日照站的平均风速均大于水上运动基地,尤其是8月中旬平均风速大2.3m*s-1,但是8月下旬和9月上旬平均风速基本相同.≥20m*s-1的风速,出现几率很小,仅为0.99%.可为帆船比赛赛程安排提供有益参考.     

Performance of CMORPH,TMPA, and PERSIANN rainfall datasets over plain,mountainous, and glacial regions of Pakistan

The present study aims at the assessment of six satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) in Pakistan. For each assessed products, both real-time (RT) and post adjusted (Adj) versions are considered to highlight their potential benefits in the rainfall estimation at annual, monthly, and daily temporal scales. Three geomorphological climatic zones, i.e., plain, mountainous, and glacial are taken under considerations for the determination of relative potentials of these SREs over Pakistan at global and regional scales. All SREs, in general, have well captured the annual north-south rainfall decreasing patterns and rainfall amounts over the typical arid regions of the country. Regarding the zonal approach, the performance of all SREs has remained good over mountainous region comparative to arid regions. This poor performance in accurate rainfall estimation of all the six SREs over arid regions has made their use questionable in these regions. Over glacier region, all SREs have highly overestimated the rainfall. One possible cause of this overestimation may be due to the low surface temperature and radiation absorption over snow and ice cover, resulting in their misidentification with rainy clouds as daily false alarm ratio has increased from mountainous to glacial regions. Among RT products, CMORPH-RT is the most biased product. The Bias was almost removed on CMORPH-Adj thanks to the gauge adjustment. On a general way, all Adj versions outperformed their respective RT versions at all considered temporal scales and have confirmed the positive effects of gauge adjustment. CMORPH-Adj and TMPA-Adj have shown the best agreement with in situ data in terms of Bias, RMSE, and CC over the entire study area.     

BDA方案对台风背景高温天气预报的改进

广州地Ⅸ的高温天气主要是受副热带高压和台风外围下沉气流的影响所致.文中采用BDA(Bogus Data Assimila-tion)方法,探讨BDA方案对广州地区台风背景条件下高温预报的改进能力.选取2005年7月中旬广州地区出现的高温天气进行研究.这是比较典型的受副热带高压和台风(海棠)共同影响造成高温的天气过程.分析有无采用BDA方案的模式初始场.结果表明:采用BDA方案同化Bogus模型可以调整台风中心位置和强度,使所得到的初始场中心位置与观测更为接近,台风强度(气压梯度力、风速)比末用Bogus的情况强,与观测值更为接近.数值模拟的结果表明,采用了BDA方案的敏感试验可以更好地预撤台风路径和台风中心强度变化,从而更好地预报高温天气,对高温区分布、日平均温度大小等的预报都有改进.文中对引起这种预报差异的原因进行了讨论,并探讨高温预报改进的可能机制.大气下沉运动的增强是高温预报改进的主要原因.敏感试验由于广州中低层大气的水汽减少,大气的下沉增强,致使天空的云量减少,对太阳短波辐射的阻挡减小,从而地面吸收热量增多,温度升高,输送给大气的感热增加,大气气温升高.采用BDA方案可以改进模式在台风"海棠"过程对广州高温的预报.     

Distribution,speciation, and budget of atmospheric mercury

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations over the Atlantic Ocean and over Central Europe were measured repeatedly in the years 1978–1981. The latitudinal TGM distribution showed a pronounced and reproducible interhemispherical difference with higher TGM concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere. TGM was found to be vertically well mixed within the troposphere. The TGM concentration seems to increase with time at a rate of 10±8%/yr in the Northern and 8±3%/yr in the Southern Hemisphere. Measurements of mercury speciation showed that elemental mercury is the main TGM component contributing more than 92% and 83% of TGM in marine and continental air, respectively. The tropospheric mercury burden was calculated to be 6×10⁹g. The interhemispheric distribution and temporal and spatial variability of TGM imply a tropospheric residence time of TGM of about 1 yr. Sink strengths calculated independently from the measured mercury concentration on particles and in rainwater are consistent with the above figures.     

Roughness length of sea,sand, and snow

Profiles of wind speed in driving sand and snow show roughness length increasing as the square of the friction velocity, in accordance with Charnock's relation for the roughness length of the sea.     

Linking vulnerability, adaptation, and resilience science to practice: Pathways, players, and partnerships

Vulnerability, adaptation and resilience are concepts that are finding increasing currency in several fields of research as well as in various policy and practitioner communities engaged in global environmental change science, climate change, sustainability science, disaster risk-reduction and famine interventions. As scientists and practitioners increasingly work together in this arena a number of questions are emerging: What is credible, salient and legitimate knowledge, how is this knowledge generated and how is it used in decision making? Drawing on important science in this field, and including a case study from southern Africa, we suggest an alternative mode of interaction to the usual one-way interaction between science and practice often used. In this alternative approach, different experts, risk-bearers, and local communities are involved and knowledge and practice is contested, co-produced and reflected upon. Despite some successes in the use and negotiation of such knowledge for ‘real’ world issues, a number of problems persist that require further investigation including the difficulties of developing consensus on the methodologies used by a range of stakeholders usually across a wide region (as the case study of southern Africa shows, particularly in determining and identifying vulnerable groups, sectors, and systems); slow delivery of products that could enhance resilience to change that reflects not only a lack of data, and need for scientific credibility, but also the time-consuming process of coming to a negotiated understanding in science–practice interactions and, finally, the need to clarify the role of ‘external’ agencies, stakeholders, and scientists at the outset of the dialogue process and subsequent interactions. Such factors, we argue, all hinder the use of vulnerability and resilience ‘knowledge’ that is being generated and will require much more detailed investigation by both producers and users of such knowledge.     

Formation,Evolution, and Dissipation of Coastal Sea Fog

Evolution of sea fog has been investigated using three-dimensional Mesoscale Model 5 (MM5) simulations. The study focused on widespread fog-cloud layers advected along the California coastal waters during 14–16 April 1999. According to analysis of the simulated trajectories, the intensity of air mass modification during this advection significantly depended on whether there were clouds along the trajectories and whether the modification took place over the land or ocean. The air mass, with its trajectory endpoint in the area where the fog was observed and simulated, gradually cooled despite the gradual increase in sea-surface temperature along the trajectory. Modelling results identified cloud-top cooling as a major determinant of marine-layer cooling and turbulence generation along the trajectories. Scale analysis showed that the radiative cooling term in the thermodynamic equation overpowered surface sensible and latent heat fluxes, and entrainment terms in cases of the transformation of marine clouds along the trajectories. Transformation of air masses along the trajectories without clouds and associated cloud-top cooling led to fog-free conditions at the endpoints of the trajectories over the ocean. The final impact on cloud-fog transition was determined by the interaction of synoptic and boundary-layer processes. Dissipation of sea fog was a consequence of a complex interplay between advection, synoptic evolution, and development of local circulations. Movement of the high-pressure system over land induced weakening of the along-shore advection and synoptic-pressure gradients, and allowed development of offshore flows that facilitated fog dissipation.     

Governance,complexity, and resilience

This special issue brings together prominent scholars to explore novel multilevel governance challenges posed by the behavior of dynamic and complex social-ecological systems. Here we expand and investigate the emerging notion of “resilience” as a perspective for understanding how societies can cope with, and develop from, disturbances and change. As the contributions to the special issue illustrate, resilience thinking in its current form contains substantial normative and conceptual difficulties for the analysis of social systems. However, a resilience approach to governance issues also shows a great deal of promise as it enables a more refined understanding of the dynamics of rapid, interlinked and multiscale change. This potential should not be underestimated as institutions and decision-makers try to deal with converging trends of global interconnectedness and increasing pressure on social-ecological systems.     

Roadside, Urban, and Rural comparison of size distribution characteristics of PAHs and carbonaceous components of Beijing, China

Size-segregated aerosol samples were collected with a low-pressure impactor (LPI) at urban, roadside and rural sites in winter in Beijing. The size distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were measured and this study focused on their size distributions and relationships of PAH to OC/EC. All PAHs show uni-modal at the accumulation mode (0.1–1.8 μm) and almost all PAHs are associated with fine particles. The absence of PAHs in the nucleus mode contributes to the coagulation under the condition of high concentration of the accumulation mode particles. The absence of PAHs in the coarse mode was probably attributed to the low temperature that restrained the redistribution of PAHs from the accumulation mode to the coarse mode. Flu(fluoranthene) and Pyr(pyrene, 4-ring) were the most abundant particulate PAHs ; however, IcdP(indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene) and BghiP(benzo[ghi]perylene, 6-ring) were rather low. Diagnostic ratios show vehicle and coal burning were the major sources of PAHs in winter. Ratios at rural site are obviously different from those found at roadside and urban sites. Lower value of OC/EC in the rural area than that in the urban area was probably resulted from coal burning prevailed in the rural area. OC1 and OC2 exhibit uni-mode distribution similar to their particle surface area distribution indicating their existence on particles by adsorption. OC3 and OC4 show bi-mode distribution. Grinding of biomass debris can be a probable source of OC3 and OC4 in the coarse mode. EC1 is mostly from the pyrolysis of OC; however, both the natural and anthropogenic emissions contribute to EC2. The correlation between size-segregated PAHs and carbonaceous component is also discussed to identify their sources.