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Current trends of space occupation by encrusting excavating sponges on Colombian coral reefs 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Some sponges of the genus Cliona (Porifera, Hadromerida, Clionidae) simultaneously excavate and encrust calcareous substratum, competing aggressively for illuminated space with corals and other organisms. To interpret current trends of reef space occupation, the patterns of distribution and size of three Caribbean species were examined at San Andrés Island and Islas del Rosario in Colombia. While Cliona aprica was ubiquitous, C. caribbaea (= C. langae) preferred deep and protected reef zones, and C. tenuis shallow and wave‐exposed settings. In contrast to the effect on other excavating sponges, chronic exposure to raw sewage did not significantly increase the abundance of the studied sponges. Substratum occupation/availability ratios showed a positive tendency of the sponges toward certain coral skeletons, and a negative or neutral tendency toward calcareous rock, indicating that establishment may be easier on clean, recently dead coral than on older, heavily incrusted substratum. High relief generally limits sponge size to that of the illuminated portions of the substratum. A generally lower proportion of small individuals than of larger ones indicates currently low recruitment rates and low subsequent mortality. Successful events of higher recruitment seem to have occurred for C. tenuis. These are related to the massive acroporid coral die‐off in the early 1980s and to asexual dispersion during storms, resulting in a current 10% substratum cover. Reefs with high coral mortality were and/or are thus more susceptible to colonization and subsequent space occupation by these sponges, although relief may prevent space monopolization. 相似文献
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介绍了人工挖孔桩桩端土承载力不足进行旋喷桩处理的设计过程以及处理后检测过程中遇到的问题。桩端土处理设计可以遵循一般的地基处理设计方法和原则,并针对复合地基承载力检测和桩端土极限端阻力的检测中存在的差异和共同点,提出组合静载荷试验的思路和方法,并在工程中予以实施,并取得了较好的效果。 相似文献
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针对杭州地铁1号线艮山门车站规模较大且具有下穿道路、防汛河流、盾构始发井、周边高层建筑物和多层建筑物等特点,通过对其深基坑施工技术进行研究,对报警原因进行分析,并采取相应对策,总结出可供杭州市区其他类似的地铁车站施工借鉴和参考的经验。 相似文献
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道路建设中,测设填挖线是经常遇到的问题,就此提出了TPS(全站仪)在任意控制点设站、测定辅助点和填挖点的放样方法。该方法的关键之处是,利用曲线要素推算各放样点的坐标,然后在道路施工现场附近选择一视野开阔的控制点安置TPS,一次性放样出全视野内的辅助点和填挖点,并连接填挖点组成填挖边线。为保证各阶削坡的精度,应注意保护各辅助点的平面位置,正确地削出最上阶平台,以控制以下各阶削坡。而以往的放样方法是抬竿法,需要在逐个横断面多次设站,用定向、量距、抬高的方法放样填挖点。这种方法的缺点是:效率低下,作业难度大,累计误差大。显然,用TPS一次设站,放样若干横断面填挖点的方法,提高了施工效率,降低了作业难度,且提高了放样点的精度。 相似文献
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The parrotfish Sparisoma viride often grazes live coral from edges undermined by the Caribbean encrusting and excavating sponge Cliona tenuis. To test whether parrotfish biting action has an effect on the dynamics of the sponge–coral interaction, we manipulated access of parrotfishes to the sponge–coral border in two species of massive corals. When parrotfish had access to the border, C. tenuis advanced significantly more slowly into the coral Siderastrea siderea than into the coral Diploria strigosa. When fish bites were prevented, sponge spread into S. siderea was further slowed down but remained the same for D. strigosa. Additionally, a thinner layer of the outer coral skeleton was removed by bioerosion when fish were excluded, a condition more pronounced in D. strigosa than in S. siderea. Thus, the speed of sponge‐spread and the extent of bioerosion by parrotfish was coral species‐dependent. It is hypothesized that coral skeleton architecture is the main variable associated with such dependency. Cliona tenuis spread is slow when undermining live S. siderea owing to the coral’s compact skeleton. The coral’s smooth and hard surface promotes a wide and shallow parrotfish bite morphology, which allows the sponge to overgrow the denuded area and thus advance slightly faster. On the less compact skeleton of the brain coral, D. strigosa, sponge spread is more rapid. This coral’s rather uneven surface sustains narrower and deeper parrotfish bites which do not facilitate the already fast sponge progress. Parrotfish corallivory thus acts synergistically with C. tenuis to further harm corals whose skeletal architecture slows sponge lateral spread. In addition, C. tenuis also appears to mediate the predator–prey fish–coral interaction by attracting parrotfish biting. 相似文献
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以国道G316线安康至汉阴段K25膨胀土公路滑坡为例,介绍了滑坡的地质环境条件,阐述了该膨胀土公路滑坡的形态、滑面滑床特征和变形特征以及气象水文、地形地貌和人类工程活动等,内外营力对该滑坡的影响。采用非饱和土强度理论,对滑坡的形成过程和机理进行了详细分析,得出开挖路堑是该滑坡产生的直接原因。其形成过程及机理为:开挖—非饱和滑带土浸水软化,抗剪强度降低或丧失—坡面隆起、坡顶开裂和坡脚剪切破坏—剪切破坏区向上发展与后缘张裂隙贯通—滑面贯通、滑坡产生。 相似文献
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