印度河上游Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素变化及与水汽来源的关系

利用2015年8月至2016年7月在印度河上游流域Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素（δ18O和δD）观测结果以及当地气象资料，利用同位素示踪及统计分析方法，并结合HYSPLIT模型，对研究区降水稳定同位素变化特征、大气水线以及水汽来源进行了分析。结果表明，观测期间Bagrot山谷降水稳定同位素的季节变化明显，δ18O与δD秋冬季偏低，春夏季偏高，且与气温变化一致，存在显著的温度效应，而降水量效应不明显。而且发现，研究区局地大气水线截距和斜率均低于全球的，反映了降水过程中云下二次蒸发作用较为强烈，特别是，不同的降水形态导致该研究区局地大气水线的斜率和截距不同。当液态降水（降雨）发生时，由于在较为干旱的气候环境下，雨滴在降落的过程中受到二次蒸发相对较强，使得局地大气水线的斜率和截距偏低；而当固态降水（降雪）发生时，由于温度较低，受再循环水汽和二次蒸发的影响较小，导致局地大气水线的斜率和截距均偏高。Bagrot山谷及其周边地区，从南到北局地大气水线的斜率相差不大，而其截距总体上随着纬度升高而降低，可能与云下二次蒸发导致稳定同位素发生的不平衡分馏逐渐强烈有关。通过Bagrot山谷站点降水稳定同位素观测结果并结合HYSPLIT模型的后向追踪，研究还发现，研究区全年主要受西风环流以及局地环流的影响。但与研究区以北的临近站点（慕士塔格、和田等）相比有所不同，由于Bagrot山谷位置更靠南，其仍然偶尔受到来自南方的海洋性水汽影响。这一研究结果可能对该地区树轮稳定同位素记录的解译具有一定的指示意义。     

Evaluation of the fishery status for King Soldier Bream Argyrops spinifer in Pakistan using the software CEDA and ASPIC

Catch and effort data were analyzed to estimate the maximum sustainable yield(MSY) of King Soldier Bream, Argyrops spinifer(Forssk?l, 1775, Family: Sparidae), and to evaluate the present status of the fish stocks exploited in Pakistani waters. The catch and effort data for the 25-years period 1985–2009 were analyzed using two computer software packages, CEDA(catch and effort data analysis) and ASPIC(a surplus production model incorporating covariates). The maximum catch of 3 458 t was observed in 1988 and the minimum catch of 1 324 t in 2005, while the average annual catch of A. spinifer over the 25 years was 2 500 t. The surplus production models of Fox, Schaefer, and Pella Tomlinson under three error assumptions of normal, log-normal and gamma are in the CEDA package and the two surplus models of Fox and logistic are in the ASPIC package. In CEDA, the MSY was estimated by applying the initial proportion(IP) of 0.8, because the starting catch was approximately 80% of the maximum catch. Except for gamma, because gamma showed maximization failures, the estimated results of MSY using CEDA with the Fox surplus production model and two error assumptions, were 1 692.08 t(R 2 =0.572) and 1 694.09 t( R 2 =0.606), respectively, and from the Schaefer and the Pella Tomlinson models with two error assumptions were 2 390.95 t( R 2 =0.563), and 2 380.06 t( R 2 =0.605), respectively. The MSY estimated by the Fox model was conservatively compared to the Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models. The MSY values from Schaefer and Pella Tomlinson models were the same. The computed values of MSY using the ASPIC computer software program with the two surplus production models of Fox and logistic were 1 498 t(R 2 =0.917), and 2 488 t( R 2 =0.897) respectively. The estimated values of MSY using CEDA were about 1 700–2 400 t and the values from ASPIC were 1 500–2 500 t. The estimates output by the CEDA and the ASPIC packages indicate that the stock is overfished, and needs some effective management to reduce the fishing effort of the species in Pakistani waters.     

Linearly coupled oscillations in fully degenerate pair and warm pair-ion astrophysical plasmas

In this paper we study the coexisting low frequency oscillations in strongly degenerate, magnetized, (electron-positron) pair and warm pair-ion plasma. The dispersion relations are obtained for both the cases in macroscopic quantum hydrodynamics approximation. In pair-ion case, the dispersion equation shows coupling of electrostatic and (shear) electromagnetic modes under certain circumstances with important role of ion temperature. Domain of existence of such waves and their relevance to dense degenerate astrophysical plasmas is pointed out. Results are analyzed numerically for typical systems with variation of ion concentration and ion temperature.     

鲕粒滩相灰岩特别的核形石灰岩帽——以山西繁峙茶坊子剖面寒武系张夏组为例

作为一种较为特别的微生物碳酸盐岩类型,核形石以双重属性而著称：① 以不平滑的皮层和较大的大小而常常被解释为微生物成因,从而区别于而成因存在着较大争议的鲕粒,所以,核形石也可以作为一种包覆颗粒类型;② 作为微生物碳酸盐岩的一种类型而被归为相互不连接的球状叠层石,因为核形石形成在围绕着核心的序列式纹层化作用过程之中,并且表现为球形或椭球型的生物沉积构造。在山西繁峙茶坊子剖面寒武系苗岭统张夏组块状鲕粒滩相灰岩的顶部,密集发育着厘米级别大小的高能泥晶核形石,核形石灰岩的厚度接近1 m,从而组成一个块状鲕粒滩相灰岩之上特征性的核形石灰岩帽。该层厚度较小的（小于1 m）核形石灰岩中的核形石,具有以下特征：① 厘米级别的大小（1至3 cm）;②球形或椭球形的形态学特征;③核形石皮层主导性的泥晶和少量的微亮晶构成;④核形石皮层中较高密度保存的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石;⑤核形石间特别的凝块基质,以及明显的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石构成的凝块。尽管穿越成岩作用过滤器去解释古代核形石复杂的形成机理将存在着巨大的挑战,也尽管形成这些核形石复杂的生物膜钙化作用机理还没有得到完全而且准确的了解,但是,山西省繁峙县茶坊子剖面张夏组顶部的核形石,壮观的宏观特征,核形石皮层中直接的微生物化石证据,尤其是在核形石内较为丰富的丝状蓝细菌鞘化石,使其成为一个了解光合作用生物膜建造核形石的典型实例,而且成为了解发育在高能鲕粒滩相灰岩之上最为特别的“藻坪”沉积的一个较为典型实例。     

ESTIMATION OF ERRORS IN ABSORBANCE RATIO MEASUREMENTS

Ratio measurements are commonly used to address a variety of analytical problems in environmental,forensic and pharmaceutical laboratories.In absorbance ratioing techniques,analytical chemists rely onthe spectral features of the analyte(s)of interest.The absorbances at two wavelengths are monitored andthe ratio of these two absorbances is computed.This ratio is then used to confirm the identity of theanalyte(s)of interest,the purity of a product or the overlap of chromatographic peaks.These decisionsoften have far-reaching consequences(e.g.the identification of the source,biogenic or petrogenic,ofhydrocarbons in biological tissues or water).Given the cost and the liabilities associated with suchdecisions,it is unfortunate that these ratios are seldom reported with any statistical confidence.Thepurpose of this study is to delineate the parameters that affect absorbance ratio measurements.Themodels that can be used to estimate the statistical confidence in these measurements are derived andevaluated experimentally.The results show that these models can estimate the relative standard deviationsin absorbance ratios accurately.They can also estimate the effect of signal-to-noise ratio and the choiceof wavelengths on the precision of absorbance ratios.     

Structural styles,hydrocarbon prospects,and potential in the Salt Range and Potwar Plateau,north Pakistan

The Salt Range/Potwar Plateau (SRPP) is part of the Himalayan foreland and an important petroleum province in north Pakistan. The hydrocarbons are commonly produced from stacked Cambrian to Eocene clastic and carbonate reservoirs which have an average thickness of 1 km. These strata are overlain by at least 5 km of Miocene and younger continental molasse sedimentation in the deepest part of the foreland basin. Surface and subsurface (seismic interpretations and borehole data) geology combined with the timing and the patterns of sedimentation has allowed to interpret the deformation as thin skinned, with a detachment in weak Eocambrian evaporates and the development of ramp-and-flat structures, since about 8 Ma. We have reviewed the structural interpretations with new borehole logs, field geology, and reserve estimates in this paper to precisely define oil-field structures with a view on future exploration. As a result of this work, 12 oil fields are classified as three detachment folds, four fault-propagation folds, four pop-ups, and one triangle zone structure. The latter two are identified as better prospects with the last one as the best with estimated reserves of 51 million barrels of oil (MMBO). Hence, the triangle zones along with other ramp-and-flat structures from the North Potwar Deformed Zone (NPDZ) are recognized to provide potential future prospects. Finally, a 40-km-long structural cross section from NPDZ is used to discuss complex deformation of the triangle zone and duplex structures as future potential prospects. About 55 km of shortening across the NPDZ during Plio-Pleistocene time is calculated, which has important bearing on the geometry of prospects, reserve calculations, and the future exploration.     

Adsorption of Zinc using Tea Factory Waste: Kinetics,Equilibrium and Thermodynamics

In India, the annual production of tea is ca. 857,000 tonnes, which is 27.4% of the total world production. The amount of tea factory waste (TFW) produced per annum after processing is ca. 190,400 tonnes. TFW can be used as a low cost adsorbent for the removal of toxic metals from the aqueous phase. An investigation was carried out to study the feasibility of the use of TFW as an adsorbent for the removal of the heavy metal, zinc. Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies were reported. The straight line plot of log (q_e–q) versus time t for the adsorption of zinc shows the validity of the Lagergren equation. The various steps involved in adsorbate transport from the solution to the surface of the adsorbent particles were dealt with by using a Weber‐Morris plot, q_e versus t^0.5 for the TFW. The rate controlling parameters, k_id,1 and k_id,2, were determined and it was found that the macro‐pore diffusion rate was much larger than micro‐pore diffusion rate. A batch sorption model, which assumes the pseudo‐second‐order mechanism, was used to predict the rate constant of sorption, the equilibrium sorption capacity and the initial sorption rate with the effect of initial zinc (II) ion concentration. Equilibrium data obtained from the experiments were analyzed with various isotherms, i. e., Freundlich, Langmuir, Redlich‐Peterson and Tempkin. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 30 min and the adsorption data fitted well to all models. The maximum adsorption capacity of TFW for zinc (II) ions was determined to be 14.2 mg/g. The capacity of adsorption on Zn(II) increased with increasing temperatures and pH. The maximum uptake level of zinc was observed at pH of 4.2. The various thermodynamic parameters, i. e., ΔG°, ΔH° and ΔS°, were estimated. The thermodynamics of the zinc ion/TFW system indicated a spontaneous, endothermic and random nature of the process. The results showed that the TFW, which has low economical value, is a suitable adsorbent for the removal of zinc (II) ions from aqueous solutions.     

Characteristics and Genesis of the Es_1 Productive Sandstone Reservoir(Paleogene), Nanpu Sag,East China

The Shahejie Formation is a fundamental rock unit for hydrocarbon exploration and production in the Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin. Methodology including thin sectioning, core observations, fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, cathodoluminescence, fluid inclusion, laser scanning confocal microscopy and geochemical analysis(C, O isotopes) were all utilized to investigate the reservoir characteristics and origin of the Es_1 Sandstone. Thin section study showed that the reservoir rock consisted of feldspathic litharenite and lithic arkose. The reservoir pores are categorized as intergranular pores, fracture pores, dissolution pores and intergranular cement dissolution pores. The studied sandstone had good porosity(0.05%–35%) and permeability(0.006–7000 m D). The Es_1 reservoir is classified as a fractured reservoir, a primary intergranular pore-associated reservoir and a dissolution reservoir. Deposition, diagenesis and tectogenesis are the main factors that played important roles in the development of the reservoir. Sedimentation is the foundation and assumption for reservoir development, but the effective reservoir is primarily controlled by primary pores, fractures, lithofacies, tectonic elements and dissolution pores. Moreover, compaction, fracture filling and cementation were the primary sources of reservoir densification. The reservoir was progressively formed through the influence of different geological and diagenetic events. The present study provides significant information and references for hydrocarbon exploration and development in the Nanpu Sag.     

Combating Desertification,is it always possible? The case of small Egyptian farmers

This paper briefly presents the current state of land degradation in Egypt and then discusses the socio-economical and institutional aspects that are relevant to the problem and have bearings on possibilities of sustaining agricultural development efforts.