外溢效应抵消亚马逊的环境保护成果（英文）

Diverse conservation efforts have been expanding around the globe,even under the stress of increasing agricultural production.A striking example is the supply-chain agreements put upon the Amazon forest which had reduced deforestation by 80% from the early 2000 s(27,772 km2) to 2015(6207 km2).However,evaluation of these conservation efforts usually focused on the impacts within the Amazon biome only,while the effects that spill over to other areas(e.g.,displacement of environmental pressure from one area to another) were rarely considered.Ignoring spillover effects may lead to biased or even wrong conclusions about the effectiveness of these conservation efforts because the hidden cost outside the target area of conservation may offset the achievement within it.It is thus important to assess the spillover effects of these supply-chain agreements.In this study,we used the two supply-chain agreements(i.e.,Soy Moratorium and zero-deforestation beef agreement) implemented in the Amazon biome as examples and evaluated their spillover effects to the Cerrado.To achieve a holistic evaluation of the spillover effects,we adopted the telecoupling framework in our analysis.The application of the telecoupling framework includes the interactions between distant systems and extends the analytical boundaries beyond the signatory areas,which fill the gap of previous studies.Our results indicate that the supply-chain agreements have significantly reduced deforestation by half compared to projections within the sending system(i.e.,Pará State in the Amazon,which exports soybeans and other agricultural products),but at the cost of increasing deforestation in the spillover system(i.e.,a 6.6 time increase in Tocantins State of the Cerrado,where deforestation was affected by interactions between the Amazon and other places).Our study emphasizes that spillover effects should be considered in the evaluation and planning of conservation efforts,for which the telecoupling framework works as a useful tool to do that systematically.     

区域土地利用变化对生态系统脆弱性影响评估——以广州市花都区为例

本文在分析生态系统脆弱性概念与评价方法基础上,以土地利用变化引起的生态系统服务价值改变为影响力指标,以社会经济发展程度表征社会经济适应能力指标,构建区域土地利用变化对生态系统脆弱性影响评价和和空间表达方法,将生态系统脆弱性研究拓展到人类(社会)—自然(生态、环境)耦合系统的综合分析与评价,以广州市花都区为例,从花都区、乡镇两个空间尺度上进行了评价。结果表明:(1)在1980～1990年、1990～2000年和2000～2005年三个时间段,耕地面积的变化对该区生态系统服务功能影响最为显著;(2)1990～2000年和2000～2005年间,研究区社会经济适应性指数保持为正,两期平均值分别为0.391和0.374;(3)从研究区1990～2000年和2000～2005年两期脆弱性空间分布来看,虽然适应能力的提高在一定程度上缓解了土地利用变化对生态系统的负向影响,但总体呈现脆弱趋势,且脆弱性严重的乡镇数在时间尺度上呈现增加趋势。     

中国西南纵向岭谷区孢粉空间组合对阻隔作用的指示意义

35 surface soil samples and 28 profile soil samples were collected in Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region, Southwest China. The distribution of pollen and spores and their relationship with the environment are analyzed. The results show that there are significant differences in pollen and spores taxa, amounts, dominant taxa and florae between the eastern and western flanks of the Ailao Mountain. There are more pollen and spores taxa, a greater amount and complexity on the western flank of the mountain than those on the eastern flank, while the dominant taxa are more centralized and prominent on the eastern flank of the Ailao Mountain. As for the plant florae distribution, there are significant differences in the number of taxa and composition between the eastern and the western flanks. The analysis of profile pollen and spores assemblage shows that its trends of variation are basically in accordance with the surface pollen and spores, which are also indicators of the environmental differences between the two flanks of the mountain. These significant spatial differences of pollen and spores are very close to the regional topography and climate difference. The mountain running perpendicular to the moisture-laden air flow serves as a barrier and the monsoon circulations the east and the west of the mountain result in different energy-moisture characteristics. We conclude that the main patterns of the pollen and spores can be attributed to the environmental differences.