Accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals in clams （Ruditapes philippinarum） in Jiaozhou Bay, China

Accumulation and distributions of aliphatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals were measured in tissues of the clam Ruditapes philippinarum collected from 5 sites in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The concentrations of total aliphatic hydrocarbon and PAHs ranged from 570 to 2 574 ng/gdw (gram dry weight) and from 276 to 939 ng/gdw, in the most and least polluted sites, respectively. The bio-accumulation of hydrocarbons and PAHs in the clams appeared to be selective. Aliphatic hydrocarbons were predominantly represented by short chain (<nC₂₃) n-alkanes, suggesting that petroleum hydrocarbons were likely the major contamination source. The selective uptake of 3 and 4 ring PAHs, such as naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene, by the clams was probably related to the physiological and bio-kinetic processes that were energetically favorable for uptake of compounds with fewer rings. Accumulation of the metals Cd, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Hg, and As in the clam tissues also showed high variability, ranging from 0.043 to 87 μg/gdw. Among the 7 detected metals, Zn, Cd, Cu, and As had a particularly high potential of accumulation in R. philippinarum. In general, a positive correlation was found between the tissue concentrations and sediment concentrations of hydrocarbons and of some metals. Our study suggests that moderate contamination with polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and low to moderate contamination with metals, currently exists for clam R. philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay, in comparison with other regional studies. A long-term monitoring program is certainly needed for assessment of the potential ecological influence and toxicity of these contaminants of R. philippinarum in Jiaozhou Bay.     

Black carbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments of China’s marginal seas

This study investigates the distribution of black carbon (BC) and its correlation with total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ΣPAH) in the surface sediments of China’s marginal seas. BC content ranges from <0.10 to 2.45 mg/g dw (grams dry weight) in the sediments studied, and varied among the different coastal regions. The Bohai Bay sediments had the highest BC contents (average 2.18 mg/g dw), which comprises a significant fraction (27%–41%) of the total organic carbon (TOC) preserved in the sediments. In ...     

Decomposition of algal lipids in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions

A series of laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to examine the decomposition of algal organic matter in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions. During the 245-day incubation period, changes in the concentrations of TOC, major algal fatty acid components (14:0, 16:0, 16:1, 18:1 and 20:5), and n-alkanes (C₁₆–C₂₃) were quantified in the samples. Our results indicate that the organic matters were degraded more rapidly in oxic than anoxic conditions. Adsorption of fatty acids onto clay minerals was a rapid and reversible process. Using a simple G model, we calculated the decomposition rate constants for TOC, n-alkanes and fatty acids which ranged from 0.017–0.024 d⁻¹, 0.049–0.103 d⁻¹ and 0.011 to 0.069 d⁻¹, respectively. Algal organic matter degraded in two stages characterized by a fast and a slow degradation processes. The addition of clay minerals montmorillonite and kaolinite to the sediments showed significant influence affecting the decomposition processes of algal TOC and fatty acids by adsorption and incorporation of the compounds with clay particles. Adsorption/association of fatty acids by clay minerals was rapid but appeared to be a slow reversible process. In addition to the sediment redox and clay influence, the structure of the compounds also played important roles in affecting their degradation dynamic in sediments.     

2011年5月28日磁暴期间中国地区大尺度电离层行进式扰动的GPS台网监测

利用中国大陆构造环境监测网络及全球GPS服务系统提供的中国及其周边地区的246个GPS接收台站的TEC观测资料,观测研究了2011年5月28日一次中等强度磁暴期间中国地区出现的大尺度电离层行进式扰动（LSTID）,并给出了中国地区的二维TEC扰动图像.结果表明：在磁暴恢复相期间,我们一共监测到两个LSTID事件,一个发生在午夜前的中国西南地区,另一个发生在午夜后的东北地区.TEC二维成像结果清晰地显示了两次LSTID在中国地区的连续传播过程,西南地区午夜前的LSTID由低纬向中纬沿北偏东的方向传播,其持续时间约为60min,水平传播距离约1200km,等相面的宽度最大约500km;东北地区午夜后的LSTID由中纬向低纬沿南偏西的方向传播,其持续时间约为70min,水平传播距离约1200km,等相面的宽度最大可达1400km.对TEC扰动进行互谱分析得到两次LSTID的传播参量,发现午夜前的LSTID的水平传播相速度和相对扰动振幅的平均衰减率都比午夜后的LSTID的要大,这可能是由午夜前西南地区较高的背景垂直TEC0及背景大气温度引起的.研究还表明,午夜后的LSTID是由北极区活动激发的大气声重波产生的,通过对高纬地区水平地磁分量H的分析,可以估计出其激发源应位于140°E以东,42°N以北的1400～2600km范围之内;而对于午夜前的LSTID,则可能是由赤道电集流引起的焦耳加热激发的大气声重波产生的.     

几种抗生素的抑菌效果及其对中肋骨条藻生长的影响

通过实验室培养,观察了不同浓度的氯霉素、氨苄青霉素、链霉素、多粘菌素B对中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum(Greville)Cleve)生长的影响及其抑菌效果.结果表明,一次性添加＞1.0 mg/L氯霉素对中肋骨条藻的生长抑制作用较强,一次性添加0.01 mg/L氯霉素时抑菌性不理想.每天添加0.1和0.5 mg/L的氨苄青霉素、链霉素和多粘菌素B对中肋骨条藻生长影响较小.0.1和0.5 mg/L的链霉素和多粘菌素B联合应用时,对中肋骨条藻生长影响很小,且浓度为0.5 mg/L时抑菌效果较理想.     

Decomposition of algal lipids in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions

A series of laboratory incubation experiments were conducted to examine the decomposition of algal organic matter in clay-enriched marine sediment under oxic and anoxic conditions.During the 245-day incubation period,changes in the concentrations of TOC,major algal fatty acid components (14:0,16:0,16:1,18:1 and 20:5),and n-alkanes (C16-C23) were quantified in the samples.Our results indicate that the organic matters were degraded more rapidly in oxic than anoxic conditions.Adsorption of fatty acids onto cla...     

垫状点地梅对生长季土壤净氮矿化和酶活性的影响（英文）

垫状植物是高寒生态系统中一类独特的物种,具有厚实的多年生垫状体,可以改善局部微环境,从而对生长于其内部的其他物种起到保育作用,被称为高寒生态系统的工程师,其中对土壤养分有效性的改变是其保育作用的重要途径,但关于这一过程的研究目前还很少。本研究选择青藏高原广泛分布的垫状点地梅(Androsace tapete),在西藏当雄念青唐古拉山脉南坡4500 m和4800 m两个海拔设置样地,通过动态测定垫状点地梅覆盖下土壤和无垫状点地梅生长的对照草地土壤在生长季中的无机氮含量、净氮矿化速率以及土壤酶活性,对比分析垫状点地梅对土壤氮素有效性的影响。结果表明：(1)土壤中硝态氮和铵态氮含量在4500 m样地无显著差异,但在4800 m样地,垫状点地梅覆盖下土壤的硝态氮与无机氮含量在生长季中期有显著增加,其中硝态氮比对照草地增加了56%,无机氮则增加了74.5%;(2)垫状点地梅还改变了土壤中氮的矿化趋势和速率。在4500 m样地,垫状点地梅覆盖下土壤净氮矿化在生长季中期为负值(氮固定),速率为-0.11μg g^-1 d^-1,而对照草地土壤则为正值(氮矿化)...     

北美地区夜间中尺度电离层行进式扰动的GPS台网监测研究

本文利用2007年6月～2008年5月期间北美GPS台站密集地区的TEC观测资料,对夜间中尺度电离层行进式扰动(MSTIDs)的传播特性进行了分析研究.结果表明:北美地区的夜间电离层行进式扰动一般发生在美国西部时间21:00～02:00LT(05:00～10:00UT)时段,表现在TEC中的最大扰动幅度为0.45～0....     

小球藻和三角褐指藻中脂肪酸和长链烷烃组成的比较研究

以小球藻(Chlorela sp.)和三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)为研究对象,比较了其合成有机物中长链烷烃和脂肪酸的组成和丰度.结果表明,小球藻中的脂肪酸以14:0、16:1、16:0、20:5为主,其中16:0饱和脂肪酸的质量分数为43%,具绝对优势.三角褐指藻中的脂肪酸组成显示16:1、16:0、20:5占优势.其中16:1和16:0两种脂肪酸含量相当.长链烷烃在两种藻中均以低碳链分布,优势组分集中在C16～C21碳链之间.小球藻中C17具有明显丰度,而三角褐指藻中长链烷烃含量差别不大.两种微藻中的长链烷烃组成都没有奇偶优势碳链分布的特征,这与陆源植物中长链烷烃明显的奇偶优势分布特征相比,具有显著的差异.这些结果对判断不同微藻在食物链中的营养级别,以及对以长链烷烃和脂肪酸为生物标志物研究我国近岸海沉积物中有机物的来源均具有实际意义.