基于走航观测的夏季南极海冰分布特征分析

依托中国第19次南极科学考察,基于ASPeCt(南极海冰过程与气候)海冰走航观测方法标准,以"雪龙号"破冰船为平台进行夏季南大洋海冰走航观测.在2003年1月4-17日近6 500km的航程断面上,分别获取了海冰的厚度、密集度、雪厚度、浮冰尺寸等海冰分布特征参数.结果表明,海冰分布特征参数均呈现了较大的空间变化.由于夏季海冰融化并受制于特定动力过程作用,海冰在威德尔海附近聚集,密集度达到峰值,沿断面在0%～80%之间变化;在断面的大部分观测到开阔水域.沿断面海冰厚度介于10～210cm,雪厚度介于2～80 cm之间,在埃默里冰架附近冰雪厚度达到了全断面的最高值.沿断面浮冰尺寸,最小到＜10 cm到最大超过2 000 m不等.     

南极海冰与气候

在极区,海冰的形成在海洋上部和大气下部之间构成了新的交界面,改变了大洋表面的辐射平衡和能量平衡,隔离了海洋与大气之间的热交换和水汽交换;海冰冻融过程影响着大洋温、盐流的形成和强度;海冰对南大洋和南极大陆气象、气候有重要的影响,在气候环境系统中起着重要的作用。南极海冰作用区约占南半球雪冰作用区面积的58%,约占地球表面积的3.58%。其中,一年生海冰约占南极海冰区分布面积的83%;其分布面积从夏末2月份最小时的3×106 km2左右,到9月份冬末最大时的18×106 km2左右,一年中季节变化幅度可达15×106 km2,季节变化率>500%。海冰分布区域的年际变化较大。南极海冰区是影响季节和年际全球气候环境变化的重要区域。当前,国际南极海冰与气候研究的核心问题是海冰物理过程和在海冰区的海洋—大气相互作用。结合目前承担的研究课题,对国际南极海冰与气候研究的前沿动态和相关的国际计划进行了综述。     

南极纳拉海峡固定冰生长、 结构、 盐度和氧同位素组成

采用第19次中国南极科考采集的冰芯样品、 数据, 基于海冰的"冻结日"记录, 使用海冰一维热力学模型来计算纳拉海峡固定冰的生长厚度. 考虑气象条件以及冰情观测结果, 将该模型的计算海冰厚度和实测厚度进行比较发现, 在纳拉海峡存在着多年生长的海冰. 对采集于南极洲中山站附近纳拉海峡的固定冰冰芯样品进行结构、 盐度和稳定氧同位素(δ~(18)O)分析, 获取了海冰的结构和盐度剖面特征、 冰芯雪冰、 附加冰的含量、 雪冰中的雪以及全部冰芯中雪所占的百分比. 结果表明: 样品冰芯具有典型的海冰特征结构, 如柱状冰水平方向的C轴以及上部粒状冰层和下部柱状冰层结构特征, 部分柱状冰中间存在着粒状冰夹层; 盐度和δ~(18)O剖面也显示了多年冰生长的证据. 海冰的结构和氧同位素特征表明, 纳拉海峡固定冰的生长主要受热力学过程控制, 其结果和2000年1月至2003年2月人工冰情观测结果一致, 观测中没有发现冰脊、 叠置等动力过程. 附加冰在冰芯中所占的比例平均为5.01%. 使用不同的同位素标准来区分雪冰层, 估计研究区域平均有多达16.4%～37.9%的雪冰, 海冰粒状层中雪的部分约占全部冰厚度的0.8%～23.5%.     

The research of Polar sea ice and its role in climate change

As an important part of global climate system,the Polar sea ice is ef fecting on global climate changes through ocean surface radiation balance,mass balance,energy balance as well as the circulating of sea water temperature and salinity.Sea ice research has a centuries-old history.The many correlative sea ice projects were established through the extensive international cooperation d uring the period from the primary research of intensity and the bearing capacity of sea ice to the development of sea/ice/air coupled model.Based on these rese arches,the sea ice variety was combined with the global climate change.All res earch about sea ice includes:the physical properties and processes of sea ice a nd its snow cover,the ecosystem of sea ice regions,sea ice and upper snow albe do,mass balance of sea ice regions,sea ice and climate coupled model.The simu lation suggests that the both of the area and volume of polar sea ice would be r educed in next century.With the developing of the sea ice research,more scient ific issues are mentioned.Such as the interaction between sea ice and the other factors of global climate system,the seasonal and regional distribution of pol ar sea ice thickness,polar sea ice boundary and area variety trends,the growth and melt as well as their influencing factors,the role of the polynya and the sea/air interactions.We should give the best solutions to all of the issues in future sea ice studying.     

南极纳拉海峡固定冰生长、结构、盐度和氧同位素组成

采用第19次中国南极科考采集的冰芯样品、数据,基于海冰的"冻结日"记录,使用海冰一维热力学模型来计算纳拉海峡固定冰的生长厚度.考虑气象条件以及冰情观测结果,将该模型的计算海冰厚度和实测厚度进行比较发现,在纳拉海峡存在着多年生长的海冰.对采集于南极洲中山站附近纳拉海峡的固定冰冰芯样品进行结构、盐度和稳定氧同位素(δ18O)分析,获取了海冰的结构和盐度剖面特征、冰芯雪冰、附加冰的含量、雪冰中的雪以及全部冰芯中雪所占的百分比.结果表明:样品冰芯具有典型的海冰特征结构,如柱状冰水平方向的C轴以及上部粒状冰层和下部柱状冰层结构特征,部分柱状冰中间存在着粒状冰夹层;盐度和δ18O剖面也显示了多年冰生长的证据.海冰的结构和氧同位素特征表明,纳拉海峡固定冰的生长主要受热力学过程控制,其结果和2000年1月至2003年2月人工冰情观测结果一致,观测中没有发现冰脊、叠置等动力过程.附加冰在冰芯中所占的比例平均为5.01%.使用不同的同位素标准来区分雪冰层,估计研究区域平均有多达16.4%～37.9%的雪冰,海冰粒状层中雪的部分约占全部冰厚度的0.8%～23.5%.     

The research of Polar sea ice and its role in climate change

As an important part of global climate system, the Polar sea ice is effccting on global climate changes through ocean surface radiation balance, mass balance, energy balance as well as the circulating of sea water temperature and salinity. Sea ice research has a centuries - old history. The many correlative sea ice projects were established through the extensive international cooperation during the period from the primary research of intensity and the boaring capacity of sea ice to the development of sea/ice/air coupled model. Based on these reseamhes, the sea ice variety was combined with the global climate change. All research about sea ice includes： the physical properties and processes of sea ice and its snow cover, the ecosystem of sea ice regions, sea ice and upper snow albedo, mass balance of sea ice regions, sea ice and climate coupled model. The simulation suggests that the both of the area and volume of polar sea ice would be reduced in next century. With the developing of the sea ice research, more scientific issues are mentioned. Such as the interaction between sea ice and the other factors of global climate system, the seasonal and regional distribution of polar sea ice thickness, polar sea ice boundary and area variety trends, the growth and melt as well as their influencing factors, the role of the polynya and the sea/air interactions. We should give the best solutions to all of the issues in future sea ice studying.     

2003年南极威德尔海至普里兹湾之间海冰分布研究

Ship-based sea ice observation data (concentrations,ice thickness,topography and overlying snow cover) were collected from Middle Weddell Sea to Prydz Bay,Antarctic during the period of 4 to 17 Jan 2003.Antarctic ice chart of first week of Jan 2003 was derived from National Ice Center (NIC).The compared analysis of sea ice concentrations and thickness distributions were conducted though in situ data and NIC chart.Results from sea ice concentration-analysis indicated the presence of large-scale open water between 2000 and 4100 km along transit route resulted from sea ice drifting.We describe the existence of mostly smooth first-year sea ice in study region ranged between 30 and 120 era.We also display the derived overlying snow coverage.Our results reveal the strong correspondence between ship-based observations and remotely sensed ice charts whatever in ice concentrations and ice thickness distributions.     

极地海冰的研究及其在气候变化中的作用

极地海冰作为全球气候系统的一个重要组成部分,通过影响大洋表面的辐射平衡、物质平衡、能量平衡以及大洋温、盐流的形成和循环而影响全球气候变化.从最初研究极地海冰的强度和承载力到目前海/冰/气相互作用全球气候耦合模型的建立,使海冰变化和全球气候变化紧密结合起来.这些研究领域主要有:海冰及其表层雪的物理特性和过程、海冰区域生态特征、海冰区与气候相关的反照率和物质平衡研究以及海冰气候耦合模型等大的领域.模拟显示,21世纪因为全球变暖,南北极海冰都将减少.海冰和全球气候系统其它要素之间的相互作用问题、极地海冰的厚度季节性区域性分布问题、极地海冰边界及范围变化趋势问题、生消关键过程及其影响因素问题、冰间湖的作用以及海气相互作用等将是未来重要的研究方向.     

南极海冰遥感现场对比实验

南极海冰区是影响全球气候 -环境变化的关键区域之一 ,卫星遥感资料是获取大区域海冰地球物理特征参数的最有效的手段。但是 ,在南半球晚冬-初春期间 ,卫星遥感反演的海冰资料的误差较大 ,精度较低。 2 0 0 3年 9- 1 0月 ,由澳大利亚南极局组织 ,包括中国等 7个国家 ,1 4个研究单位的科学家参加 ,以澳大利亚破冰船“南极光号”为现场工作平台 ,在东南极季节海冰带 ,通过与美国宇航局 (NASA)、日本宇宙开发促进会合作开展的卫星、飞机、船、冰站立体联合观测 ;对AMSR E等卫星遥感产生的海冰地球物理参数 (海冰密集度、雪盖厚度、海冰物理温度等 )进行地面详细验证 ,建立遥感数据与地面实测数据的统计关系 ,以发现各种卫星资料反演算式的使用范围和局限性 ,为改进卫星资料反演算式提供依据。     

基于DE-FEM隧道反分析可视化平台研究及应用

针对传统反分析优化容易限于局部最小化以及反分析数据不直观等问题,引进一种新的全局智能优化算法（DE）,与应力回映的弹塑性非线性有限元（FEM）相结合,实现围岩弹塑性参数快速识别。基于可视化类库（VTK）对单元应力、应变和节点位移等结果数据进行图像显示,从而实现了隧道施工反分析EEOS高性能可视化平台。在介绍算法原理、程序设计基础上,介绍该系统在某工程的应用情况。应用表明,该平台计算收敛快速、识别精度高、结果直观,为隧道工程反分析提供了科学高效的途径。