中生代复杂构造体系的成矿过程与成矿作用——以华北大陆北缘西拉木伦钼铜多金属成矿带为例

西拉木伦钼铜多金属成矿带处于华北克拉通与中亚造山带的过渡区,是古生代古亚洲构造域与中生代西太平洋构造域的交汇部位。在中生代受多种构造体系的制约,如中亚造山带造山后期局部伸展、蒙古-鄂霍茨克俯冲-碰撞造山作用、古太平洋板块的向西俯冲和中国东部岩石圈减薄事件的影响等。西拉木伦成矿带成矿斑岩锆石U-Pb年龄和辉钼矿Re-Os同位素年龄资料显示,钼铜矿成岩成矿主要集中在260～220Ma、180～150Ma和140～120Ma三个时期。结合华北克拉通北缘构造演化历史,推测这三期成矿作用主要与造山后局部伸展、构造体系转折和陆内伸展(岩石圈减薄)过程有关,并相应建立了"车户沟式"、"鸡冠山式"和"敖伦花式"三类斑岩钼铜矿床成矿模式。进一步研究表明,岩石的酸碱性、岩浆来源、岩浆的氧逸度、岩浆演化方式、构造背景等因素,制约了成矿作用的专属性。     

内蒙古半砬山钼矿含矿斑岩U-Pb年龄和地球化学及其地质意义

内蒙古半砬山钼矿位于西拉木伦钼多金属矿带东北段,是新近发现的一个中型斑岩钼矿床。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,含矿花岗闪长斑岩成岩年龄133.5±1.7Ma,说明半砬山钼矿是早白垩世构造-岩浆活动的产物;赋矿围岩流纹斑岩的成岩年龄为160±2Ma,早于成矿年龄27Ma。锆石Hf同位素组成显示流纹斑岩和花岗闪长斑岩的εHf(t)基本为不大的正值,集中在+2～+3.5左右,说明其岩浆来自亏损地幔新增生的地壳物质。除同位素特征相似外,流纹斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩具有类似的地球化学特征,比如都具有富Al、K,低Mg、Ca及TFe,呈高钾钙碱性特征;稀土和微量元素组成特征上,流纹斑岩与花岗闪长斑岩都具有轻重稀土分馏较明显,相对富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,而亏损Nb、Ta、Zr等高场强元素的特征,所不同的是流纹斑岩∑REE含量较花岗闪长斑岩高,Eu负异常也较明显,并且流纹斑岩为低Sr高Yb(Sr平均为37.3×10-6,Yb平均为4.81×10-6),而花岗闪长斑岩为高Sr低Yb(Sr平均为628×10-6,Yb平均为1.64×10-6)。这些特征暗示流纹斑岩形成的源区可能为中上地壳,花岗闪长斑岩源区物质可能为加厚的下地壳熔融产物,即在岩石圈不断伸展过程中,成岩岩浆源区不断加深。     

内蒙古太平川铜钼矿成矿斑岩时代、地球化学及地质意义

内蒙古太平川Cu-Mo矿床位于得尔布干成矿带北段额尔古纳地区,为新近发现的斑岩型矿床。矿区内发育环带状热液蚀变,由内向外主要为硅化-绢云母化和泥化。热液蚀变围绕花岗闪长斑岩分布,Cu-Mo矿化主要受控于硅化-绢云母化蚀变,主要分布在花岗闪长斑岩中。本文获得成矿斑岩岩浆锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为202±5.7Ma,指示该矿床可能形成于晚三叠世。同时在样品中也发现继承锆石(784Ma),表明该地区可能存在晚元古基底。成矿斑岩的元素地球化学数据表明,主量元素SiO2(65.86%～68.84%)56%、Al2O3(15.18%～16.28%)15%、MgO(0.84%～1.06%)3%、Na2O/K2O1;微量元素亏损重稀土,Sr(471×10-6～513×10-6)400×10-6、Y(15.0×10-6～17.9×10-6)18×10-6、Yb(1.27×10-6～1.81×10-6)1.9×10-6,表明该花岗闪长斑岩具有明显的埃达克质岩石的地球化学特征。同时成矿斑岩具有相对高的SiO2、Yb含量和Th/Nb、Ce/Nb比值,而相对低的Al2O3、TiO2、MgO、Sr、Th含量和Th/Ce比值,这些特征与源于俯冲板片的埃达克岩相似。然而成矿斑岩(87Sr/86Sr)i(0.70943～0.71019)较大,εNd(t)为-3.4～-3.9,我们推测额尔古纳地块在岩浆上升过程中贡献了部分物质。结合区域构造演化,我们认为该矿区成矿斑岩岩浆形成于俯冲洋壳的部分熔融,矿床形成背景为早中生代蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋向额尔古纳地块俯冲的陆缘弧环境。     

Multiple-methods investigation of recharge at a humid-region fractured rock site,Pennsylvania, USA

Lysimeter-percolate and well-hydrograph analyses were combined to evaluate recharge for the Masser Recharge Site (central Pennsylvania, USA). In humid regions, aquifer recharge through an unconfined low-porosity fractured-rock aquifer can cause large magnitude water-table fluctuations over short time scales. The unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of the subsurface porous media control the magnitude and timing of these fluctuations. Data from multiple sets of lysimeters at the site show a highly seasonal pattern of percolate and exhibit variability due to both installation factors and hydraulic property heterogeneity. Individual event analysis of well hydrograph data reveals the primary influences on water-table response, namely rainfall depth, rainfall intensity, and initial water-table depth. Spatial and seasonal variability in well response is also evident. A new approach for calculating recharge from continuous water-table elevation records using a master recession curve (MRC) is demonstrated. The recharge estimated by the MRC approach when assuming a constant specific yield is seasonal to a lesser degree than the recharge estimate resulting from the lysimeter analysis. Partial reconciliation of the two recharge estimates is achieved by considering a conceptual model of flow processes in the highly-heterogeneous underlying fractured porous medium.     

Array technology as a tool to monitor exposure of fish to xenoestrogens

A variety of anthropogenic chemicals are capable of binding to the estrogen receptor of vertebrate species. Binding of these compounds can interfere with homeostasis by disrupting normal gene expression patterns. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of applying array technology as a monitoring tool for detecting the presence and distribution of estrogenic compounds in coastal habitats using sheepshead minnows as our model. cDNA clones that were isolated from differential display, including vitellogenin alpha and beta, vitelline envelope protein (ZP2), and transferrin, among others, were spotted on the macroarray. The results of these experiments demonstrate a characteristic expression pattern of estrogen responsive genes in sheepshead minnows exposed to 17 beta-estradiol (E2).     

A groundwater recharge field study: site characterization and initial results

A field study site was installed in east‐central Pennsylvania to examine processes controlling groundwater recharge. It was instrumented to monitor climatic inputs, soil water dynamics and groundwater response. Characterization of the layered fractured bedrock underlying the site by rock coring, seismic surveys and interval packer testing showed consistencies between layer depths, fracture frequencies, seismic velocities and hydraulic conductivities. Monthly summaries of rainfall and percolate over two years showed that percolate rates were generally high and closely related to precipitation during the dormant season. During the growing season, however, the relationship became erratic with large variabilities occurring between individual lysimeter measurements. Eight dormant season rainfall events were examined in detail. Smaller events produced similar responses from 1 m deep percolate lysimeters. Approximately 10–15 mm of rain was required to initiate percolate, with the time delay in response dependent on how long it took this depth to accumulate; 5 to 6 mm of the rain was retained in storage, with the remainder becoming percolate. Larger rains, from 30–110 mm, caused correspondingly larger depths of percolate and larger water table responses, but generally similar patterns of site response. Groundwater at the site was typically about 6 m below the land surface during the dormant season. It responded 1–2 hours after the onset of percolate, and reached its maximum elevation anywhere from 4 to 16 hours after that, even though percolate was still occurring. Based on causative depth of recharge and amount of water level rise in wells, the specific yield of the aquifer was found to be of the order of 0·01. This value is characteristic of fracture geometry rather than matrix properties of the bedrock. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparison of recharge estimates at a small watershed in east-central Pennsylvania,USA

The common recommendation that recharge should be estimated from multiple methods is sound, but the inherent differences of the methods make it difficult to assess the accuracy of differing results. In this study, four methods for estimating groundwater recharge and two methods for estimating base flow (as a proxy for recharge) are compared at two hydrologic research sites in east-central Pennsylvania, USA. Results from the multiple methods all provided reasonable estimates of groundwater recharge that differed considerably. The estimates of mean annual recharge for the period 1994-2001 ranged from 22.9 to 35.7 cm—about 45% of the mean of all estimates. For individual years, recharge estimates from the multiple methods ranged from 30 to 42% of the mean value during the dry years and 64 to 76% of the mean value during wet years. Comparison of multiple methods was found to be useful for determining the range of plausible recharge rates and highlighting the uncertainty of the estimates.     

西拉木伦多金属成矿带鸡冠山斑岩钼矿富氟高盐度高氧逸度流体包裹体研究

鸡冠山斑岩钼矿床位于西拉木伦多金属成矿带南侧、内蒙古赤峰市北东约35km处,大地构造位置属于华北板块北缘造山带中段。辉钼矿化主要呈浸染状、细脉浸染状分布在花岗斑岩中,部分成细脉浸染状分布在流纹质角砾凝灰岩中,同时,在矿区出露的辉绿岩和流纹岩中也有少量的细网脉状钼矿化。矿石矿物主要有辉钼矿、黄铁矿和少量黄铜矿、闪锌矿、磁铁矿,脉石矿物主要有石英、长石、绢云母和少量方解石、萤石。矿脉穿插关系和矿物组合显示了早、中、晚3个阶段的矿化:(1)石英-辉钼矿阶段;(2)萤石-(石英)-辉钼矿多金属硫化物阶段;(3)贫矿萤石阶段。各阶段广泛发育流体包裹体,包裹体类型众多,包括气液两相水溶液包裹体(W型),H2O-CO2包裹体(C型)及含子矿物多相包裹体(S型),其中以大量发育含子矿物多相包裹体为特征。子矿物种类有石盐、钾盐、赤铁矿、石膏、辉钼矿、方解石等及其他未鉴别透明、不透明子矿物,有时一个包裹体含有多达4～5个子矿物。包裹体大量的赤铁矿、石膏和金属子矿物的出现,说明含矿流体具有高的氧逸度和很强的金属携带能力。包裹体岩相学、激光拉曼和显微测温结果表明,成矿流体主要为来自高温、高盐度、高氧逸度的岩浆流体和部分天水与岩浆热液混合所形成的中低温、低盐度流体两个端员组份。高温、高盐度流体以含子矿物多相包裹体为代表,其形成温度大于440℃,盐度变化范围为:28%～76%NaCleqv,部分高于76%NaCleqv。中低温、低盐度流体主要源自矿化后期天水与岩浆热液的混合,温度在322℃以下,盐度变化范围为:0.9%～20.3%NaCleqv。实验结果表明鸡冠山矿区含矿硫化物主要沉淀温度区间在310～400℃之间,其次为210～320℃,钼矿化主要形成于高温、高盐度、高氧逸度及富氟元素的H2O-NaCl流体体系,温度降低、流体沸腾作用及流体混合是该钼矿床的主要成矿机制。     

豫西崤山早元古代中酸性侵入岩锆石/斜锆石U-Pb测年及其对熊耳火山岩系时限的约束

熊耳火山岩系是华北克拉通早元古代晚期重要的岩浆记录,其火山作用时限的厘定对于揭示华北该时期的构造格局与演化历史有重要意义。对侵入到熊耳火山岩系顶层马家河组的石英闪长岩体中的斜锆石与锆石和花岗斑岩体中的锆石进行了高精度SIMSU-Pb定年。三个样品共58个测点,石英闪长岩体中的斜锆石207Pb/206Pb平均年龄为1789±4Ma,锆石207Pb/206Pb平均年龄1778±12Ma,花岗斑岩体中的锆石207Pb/206Pb平均年龄为1786±8Ma。这些年龄数据表明石英闪长岩体从生成到侵位是一个短暂而连续的过程,这一岩体与花岗斑岩岩体基本同期。同时,由于这两个岩体侵入到了熊耳火山岩系最顶部的马家河组,因此可以限定熊耳火山岩系的上限。结合前人的年代学数据,我们提出熊耳火山岩系的岩浆作用时限在1770～1800Ma之间,峰期为1780Ma。这一研究结果从年代学上支持熊耳火山岩系形成于快速拉张的裂谷环境。     

Re-Os同位素定年方法进展及ICP-MS精确定年测试关键技术

本文介绍了Re-Os同位素定年的基本原理、技术发展及应用现状;综述了样品分解和Re-Os分离富集的主要方法,重点对ICP-MS法进行Re-Os同位素定年做了较详尽的介绍,包括质量分馏校正、干扰校正、含量初测、取样量的确定、稀释剂的稀释比及稀释剂加入量等,以确保高精度测试;评述了ICP-MS最常见的测定对象-辉钼矿中Re-Os的失耦现象及降低其对Re-Os同位素定年影响的对策,文中描述了由测定同位素比值计算含量时的误差传递公式并重申了最佳稀释比。最后,指出了Re-Os同位素定年方法研究中应该关注的工作方向。