麻粒岩—榴辉岩的转变：捕虏体与地球物理证据

有四种方法可以获得深部岩石类型的性质及其几何特征的信息。它们是:(1)通过对构造侵位而露出地表的露头的直接观察;(2)玄武岩和金伯利岩中捕虏体的研究;(3)遥感信息(如地震、磁法);(4)理论计算(如基于下部地壳平均成分的计算)。上述各种途径的综合,可以得出更为合理的模式,捕虏体则提供了特定地区最原始的特征,同时也提供了在较大范围内变化的信息,而这些样品都是通常情形下达不到的高压下的产物。相平衡的实验研究表明,随成分的变化,榴辉岩的矿物组合在具正常地热梯度(40mw/m~2)克拉通的下部地壳和上地幔中的许多岩石类型中是稳定的。然而,热流研究、理论模拟及捕虏体的地质温压研究均表明,一些地壳构造活动强烈的地区(如年轻     

农业气象学的发展历 程

农业气象学的发展历程ＷａｙｎｅＬ．Ｄｅｃｋｅｒ（密苏里－哥伦比亚大学）１引言农业气象学涉及农业生产与销售对大气的响应，如何利用天气预报，利用气候风险分析和改变环境来避免或减轻天气灾害。本文谈的农业气象包括农业气候学。新的世纪即将来临，有必要回顾一下农...     

加州里齐克雷斯特地震序列中观测到的地震成核现象

近源观测表明,加 里齐克雷斯特附近发生的５次Ｍ３．８－５．２地震伴有地震成核现象。这些地震突然发生。随之节奏放慢趋地平静,然后加快节奏,以最高矩速率释放出能量。用经验格林函数对仪器和路径效应作反褶积运算结果显示,地震起始的复杂性是一种震源效应,在地震成核现象初期到达且迅速递增的Ｐ波支持了Ｍｏｒｉ和Ｋａｎａｍｏｒｉ研究所得到的结论：这些地震没有象Ｉｉｏ所观测到的那种量级之差的缓慢起始相。     

Indicators of sediment and biotic mercury contamination in a southern New England estuary

Total mercury (Hg) and methylmercury (MeHg) were analyzed in near surface sediments (0-2 cm) and biota (zooplankton, macro-invertebrates, finfish) collected from Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island/Massachusetts, USA) and adjacent embayments and tidal rivers. Spatial patterns in sediment contamination were governed by the high affinity of Hg for total organic carbon (TOC). Sediment MeHg and percent MeHg were also inversely related to summer bottom water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, presumably due to the increased activity of methylating bacteria. For biota, Hg accumulation was influenced by inter-specific habitat preferences and trophic structure, and sediments with high TOC and percent silt-clay composition limited mercury bioavailability. Moreover, hypoxic bottom water limited Hg bioaccumulation, which is possibly mediated by a reduction in biotic foraging, and thus, dietary uptake of mercury. Finally, most biota demonstrated a significant positive relationship between tissue and TOC-normalized sediment Hg, but relationships were much weaker or absent for sediment MeHg. These results have important implications for the utility of estuarine biota as subjects for mercury monitoring programs.     

Do conservative solutes migrate at average pore-water velocity?

According to common understanding, the advective velocity of a conservative solute equals the average linear pore-water velocity. Yet direct monitoring indicates that the two velocities may be different in heterogeneous media. For example, at the Camp Dodge, Iowa, site the advective velocity of discrete Cl- plumes was less than one tenth of the average pore-water velocity calculated from Darcy's law using the measured hydraulic gradient, effective porosity, and hydraulic conductivity (K) from large-scale three-dimensional (3D) techniques, e.g., pumping tests. Possibly, this difference reflects the influence of different pore systems, if the K relevant to transient solute flux is influenced more by lower-K heterogeneity than a steady or quasi-steady water flux. To test this idea, tracer tests were conducted under controlled laboratory conditions. Under one-dimensional flow conditions, the advective velocity of discrete conservative solutes equaled the average pore-water velocity determined from volumetric flow rates and Darcy's law. In a larger 3D flow system, however, the same solutes migrated at approximately 65% of the average pore-water velocity. These results, coupled with direct observation of dye tracers and their velocities as they migrated through both homogeneous and heterogeneous sections of the same model, demonstrate that heterogeneity can slow the advective velocity of discrete solute plumes relative to the average pore-water velocity within heterogeneous 3D flow sytems.