叠覆式三角洲——一种特殊的浅水三角洲

不同于常规三角洲以分流河道体系所形成的分流河道、河口坝、席状砂等微相为三角洲朵体的基本单元,叠覆式三角洲以内部结构简单的朵体为基本构成单元,朵体相互叠置,形成复合叠合体,进而构成三角洲骨架。单个朵体由河道扫描或扩展而成,复合朵体则是由单朵体侧向迁移或前(退)积而成。三角洲因大量朵体叠置而形成厚层状、内部结构复杂的复合砂体。不同朵体形成于不同时期,因而不存在统一的分流体系,单一沉积体具有层状特征,但不同期朵体受可容空间和地貌控制,呈三维叠置,而非简单的层状叠加,从而使得三角洲内部呈现出拼合式、立体式特点。单朵体是结构的基本单元,发育范围有限,与相邻朵体发育于不同时间单元,因而只能在复合体约束下小范围追踪。单一朵体接触关系及接触界面的渗流能力决定了油气富集和注水开发响应特征。朵体迁移、叠置造成大面积、巨厚的砂层可形成大型油气藏,而同时朵体间泥岩的不均匀分布也造就了砂体局部不连通或朵体间连通性变化,为岩性油气藏形成创造了条件,并且影响了注水开发中的注采对应性,进而影响水驱采油效果。     

Current Status and Advance of Tidal-Bore Deposit Study

Tidal bore is hydraulic jump during the process of tide flooding with the tide wave moving upstream. They are widely distributed in the estuary zone with high tidal range and funnel-shaped planeform. Tidal bore deposit study is important for further understanding about paleogeomorphology, paleoenvironment, paleoclimate of areas near the estuaries, and sandbody formed by tidal bore deposit could be potential oil and gas reservoir. Researches about tidal bore have been always concentrated on hydraulic characteristics of tidal bore and its influences on estuary environment and engineering, while the study on tidal bore deposit is rarely reported. One of the most important causes is the complex hydrodynamic conditions in the estuary zone. Deposits characteristics is complicated in this zone due to comprehensive effects of river flow, waves and tides. It is hard to affirm the preservation probability of tidal bore deposits, especially in the ancient rock record. In view of this, current status and forecast about tidal-bore deposit study were expounded in this study based on comprehensive summary and discussion about typical tidal bore deposit data and reports. Criteria for recognition of tidal-bore deposits were described in detail on the aspects of sedimentary structures, grain size distribution, and facies model. One of the most critical diagnostic marks of tidal bore was a special undulating erosion surface with a series of irregular and stepped excavations on it. This surface was formed by cyclic pressure loading induced by the passage of a tidal bore. In addition, the cross-bedding inclined upstream, soft sediment deformation structures and massive sandstone on the erosion surface were also important marks of a tidal bore deposit. Problems existing in current research were discussed and some suggestions were proposed. Various methods and technology should be used to perfect tidal bore facies model, and research on diagenesis and reservoir features of sandbody formed by tidal bore should be strengthened in the future. Sandbody formed by tidal bore of different types (breaking tidal bore and undular tidal bore) should be distinguished to deepen the understanding of their various hydrodynamic conditions and reservoir scale. Tidal bore is significant geological process in estuary zone, and deposits formed by it makes great influence on the geomorphology of this area, which should be paid more attention.     

三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道内部结构单元三维建模

以大庆萨尔图油田北三区西部西块SⅡ12小层典型三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道为例,进行了三角洲平原高弯曲分流河道内部结构单元建模。首先根据高弯曲分流河道沉积层次性,以及河流弯曲机理,解剖了分流河道内部结构,识别出点坝以及侧积层单元,提取了侧积层形态参数和统计参数。其次采用椭球形方程建立了侧积层平面数学函数表达式,采用直线方程描述侧积层剖面形态,从而建立侧积层空间三维几何形态。最后,分两步建立了高弯度分流河道内部结构单元三维地质模型。首先采用序贯指示建模建立分流河道微相模型;随后根据侧积层数学模型描述侧积层空间分布。并在分流河道微相内部将侧积层模型嵌入,形成精细的高弯曲分流河道内部结构模型。以此思路为指导建立了SⅡ12小层结构模型,以此结构模型为基础的储层参数模型很好地再现了点坝内部侧积层对流体渗流的遮挡,为油藏数值模拟和剩余油挖潜奠定了基础。     

Forming Condition and Geology Prediction Techniques of Deep Clastic Reservoirs

<正>1 Introduction As new exploration domain for oil and gas,reservoirs with low porosity and low permeability have become a hotspot in recent years(Li Daopin,1997).With the improvement of technology,low porosity and low     

低饱和度油藏原始饱和度计算及含水上升规律

受低幅度构造、地层倾角小、储层渗透率低、油源供给不足等因素影响,油层中存在自由水,若整个开发层系的油层大面积内均为油水同层,则称为低含油饱和度油藏。低含油饱和度油藏油井投产初期就具有一定含水率。由于室内岩心试验获得的油水相对渗透率曲线是在饱和油情况下进行,因此,油田实际含水与采出程度和利用室内试验曲线计算出的理论含水与采出程度曲线不能较好吻合,当油藏原始含水饱和度较高时这种误差会很大,导致含水与采出程度理论曲线无法正确预测油藏含水上升规律。根据试验获得的相渗曲线和实际生产数据,采用试验数据与生产实际相互印讧的方法,修正油藏含水上升规律,计算油藏原始含水饱和度,解决了油藏原始含油饱和度计算以及具有原始含水饱和度油藏含水上升规律预测问题,对正确认识油藏和开发指标预测具有重要意义。     

新疆乌伦古湖冰滑痕特征及其形成机理

新疆乌伦古湖滨湖地区发育一种特殊的冰滑痕。冰滑痕长度可达数十米,宽度可达1~5 m。冰滑痕的形态类似于推土机推过的痕迹,其基本形态由头部、侧翼和滑动面三部分构成。头部发育丘形沙堆,侧翼发育线状沙脊,滑动面总体平整,局部发育冰融沙锥、冰融水滴坑、工具痕、冰融痕、次级滑痕等伴生沉积构造。冰滑痕是湖冰破碎后向岸漂移并在岸上滑移形成的。冰滑痕的形态和规模受湖面风力、湖冰的厚度、湖冰的动能、冰块的大小、冰块底部的光滑程度、湖岸的地形和坡度、湖滩沉积物的粒度和成分构成等多种因素的综合影响。冰滑痕的形成经历了:①湖冰破裂阶段;②浮冰向浅水区运动开始接触湖底阶段;③水下冰滑痕形成阶段;④陆上冰滑痕形成阶段;⑤冰融阶段等5个阶段。冰滑痕主要出现在乌伦古湖的水下滨湖带、冰坝堆积带、湖冰活动带和湖冰影响带等四个微相带。冰滑痕形成后接受湖泊波浪和陆地风的改造并逐渐被埋藏保存到地层记录中。乌伦古湖的冰滑痕是在特殊的气候背景和天气条件下形成的,因而既具有重要的古气候指示意义,又具有重要的古湖泊沉积环境指示意义。     

Distribution Patterns of Remaining Hydrocarbons Controlled by Reservoir Architecture of Distributary Channel with Different Channel Style: S2 Formation of Songliao Basin, China

<正>1 Introduction Reservoir architecture analysis of distributary channel of Daqing oilfield has drawn consistent interest among development geologists and petroleum engineers over the last decade(Lv et al.,1999;Zhou et al.,2008;Zhang et     

分支河流体系在东海西湖凹陷南部的运用及其对油气潜力的指示

本文以西湖凹陷南部地区为例,首次将分支河流体系(Distributive Fluvial System)研究思路应用到东海盆地沉积体系的研究中来。通过总结大型分支河流体系形成条件,与国外案例类比认为西湖凹陷南部近物源,构造稳定,存在大型盆山体系,具备发育大型分支河流体系条件;在此基础上根据花港组岩心、古生物特征对分支河道类型进行了划分,认为分支河道类型以陆上环境下的分汊状辫状河道和单辫状河道为主,不同类型的河道均具备发育厚层砂体的潜能;结合古地形和沉积体系平面特征,对分支河流体系展布模式的研究结果表明,区域花港组时期发育两套分支河流体系,展布型式为自西斜坡分别至东北、东南向发散,分支河流体系末梢属于"轴向终止"型,且西湖凹陷轴向限制型河流与南部"分支河流体系"汇聚地带具有油气藏勘探潜力。     

Diagenetic evolution of clastic reservoirs and its records in fine subsection: significance and application

It was showed that understanding of the diagenetic modifications and its associated products in the deeply to ultra-deeply buried tight sandstone reservoirs (DUDTSR) is great important for reservoir characterization and hydrocarbon prediction. However, the fine characterization of diagenetic evolution via geologic modelling in tight sandstones remains a great challenge as for complexity of lithology, temperature, pressure and formation fluid throughout the entire life cycle of tight sandstone reservoirs. To help get a comprehensive idea of the distribution of diagenetic processes on the formation of DUDTSR in the long geological period, type-I and type-II fine sections of diagenetic stage for clastic reservoirs were creatively proposed and its essence was illustrated using the Paleogene Huagang (E₃H) Formation in the southern Xihu Sag. Through combination of both quantitative and qualitative methods which began with current formation temperature, vitrinite analysis, illite and I/S mixed layers based on analytical testing of the E₃H Formation, (1) Paleotemperature (T), vitrinite reflectivity and smectite in mixed layer during burial processes were restored based on numerical analysis, (2) The accurate division of diagenetic evolution was identified from coarse to fine process using new model, (3) And finally the geological significance of fine division of the conventional diagenetic stage was illustrated for low-porosity and tight sandstone reservoirs.

     

杏北油田低弯度分流河道储层构型及其控制的剩余油分布模式

低弯度分流河道储层是杏北油田的重要储层类型,深入研究其储层构型特征对于油田调整挖潜意义重大。综合密井网岩心、测井和生产动态等资料,采用“层次分析和模式指导”的方法,分“复合河道和溢岸砂体、单期河道及其相互接触关系”两个主要层次开展储层构型精细解剖,构建了三维储层构型模型。基于密闭取心井、水淹层测井解释资料和生产动态数据分析了不同时期的水淹特征和剩余油分布,并通过基于三维构型模型的油藏数值模拟对剩余油分布模式进行验证,最终总结出不同储层构型控制下的剩余油富集模式。结果表明,在河道内,剩余油在顶部、边部、河道间夹层控制部位以下以及仅与低渗溢岸砂连通造成注采不完善的河道内部富集;在河道外,剩余油在河间物性较差的溢岸砂内、注采不完善的溢岸砂末端和孤立砂体内富集。