Cycle anatomy and variability in the storm-dominated type cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician): coming to grips with cycle delineation and genesis

Although parasequence and sequence are scale-independent terms, they are frequently applied only to specific scales of cycles. For example, meter-scale cycles are commonly assumed to be parasequences or PACs. In the Upper Ordovician Kope and Fairview Formations of northern Kentucky, we examined a succession of 50 meter-scale cycles that have been variously interpreted as deepening-upward, shallowing-upward, or showing no relationship with water depth. Our analysis shows that these cycles, characterized by shifts in storm-bed proximality, are highly variable in their thickness and internal construction. Most cycles are best considered high-frequency sequences, because deepening-upward intervals are common, and many cycles contain evidence of abrupt basinward shifts in facies as expected at sequence boundaries. A minority fit the parasequence model of shallowing-upward cycles bounded by flooding surfaces. Larger, 20 m scale cycles are defined by systematic thickening and thinning trends of meter-scale cycles. However, meter-scale cycles do not display any systematic trends in cycle anatomy as a function of position within the 20 m cycles or position within the Kope and Fairview Formations. The high cycle variability and the lack of systematic stratigraphic organization with respect to longer-term cyclicity reflect either the irregularity of relative sea-level changes, the poor recording of sea-level changes in this deep-water setting, or the generation of these cycles by climate-induced cyclicity in storm intensity. These three mechanisms would generate similar patterns at the outcrop scale, so it is not possible at the present to distinguish between them.     

相山铀矿田成矿作用的地球化学模拟

相山铀矿田是我国最大的火山岩型热液铀矿田，在地质地球化学和高温高压实研究的基础上，利用地球化学模式程序ＥＱ３／６模拟了成矿热水溶液的形成过程和减压排泄区铀成矿作用。计算机模拟结果表明，通过大气降水与碎斑熔岩相互作用，可以形成富含Ｆ和ＳｉＯ２等矿化剂的含铀热水溶液；由于铀以ＵＯ２Ｆ＾３和ＵＯ２（ＣＯ３（＾２－３等配合形式存在，非常稳定，即使在深部强还原环境中仍能能够迁移；酸性和碱性环境，尤其是强酸性     

麻粒岩成因：变质观

尽管许多当代评述都强调麻粒岩在其压力—温度(P—T)条件和轨迹方面的一致性,但实际上麻粒岩保存了指示它们的形成模式多样性的一系列重要的岩石学特征。对90多个麻粒岩地体或产状的测定,揭示出其中50％以上记录了超出许多作者提出的7.5±1Kb和800±50℃平均麻粒岩范围的P—T条件。特别是,不断识别出的温度很高(900～1000℃)的一些地体的数量还在增加,这两种P—T条件都是根据特殊的矿物组合和地温压力测定确定的。确定和解释P—T历史的岩石成因网格和地温压力测定法二者都是在反应结构范围内判断的,而反应结构既可证明很大的P—T条件范围确实是真实的,又可证明近等温减压(ITD)和近等压冷却(IBC)两种P—T轨迹都是主要的。正象在南印度和斯里兰卡见到的那样,由富CO_2流体进入而引起斜长角闪岩—麻粒岩的转化是一种例外情况,不代表大多数地体中有关的流体过程。然而,人们认为缺少流体条件是在接近它们记录的热高峰时间的大多数麻粒岩的特征。把ITD麻柱岩解释为地壳碰撞增厚过程中形成的。伴随的岩浆填加作用是一个重要的额外热源。但没有把侵蚀作用单独看作是碰撞后的主要减薄过程。换言之,ITD轨迹是在中等或略低的速率扩张期间与构造剥露有关的、削减非常迅速的(1～2mm/年暴露)阶段产生的。IBC麻粒岩可能形成于各种各样的环境中。呈现逆时针P—T历史的麻粒岩被解释为形成于大量岩浆增生作用的下部地区,这些地区有或无附加地壳扩张。正常厚度地壳的扩张期间也可形成浅部(<0.5GPa)的IBC麻枉岩,但较深层位的IBC则要求更复杂的模式。在地壳深部出现的许多IBC麻粒岩可能形成于经受碰撞后非常迅速(5mm/a)扩张变薄的增厚地壳中。推测在许多麻粒岩中与其说ITD,还不如说IBC轨迹的保存主要是与增厚地壳的扩张减薄的速率和时间范围有关,而且也应当见到ITD到IBC之间的混杂轨迹。大多数IBC麻粒岩,也许还有许多ITD麻粒岩,都没有作为产生它们的构造幕的结果暴露在地表,但是,它们在这些事件之后,在中部或下部地壳中保留了很长一段时间(100～200Ma)。大多数麻粒岩地体最后剥露只有通过它们掺杂到与其形成无关的、后来的构造和岩浆事件中才能发生。     

Composition and distribution of beach debris in Orange County, California

Many studies have quantified debris collected on beaches around the world. Only a few of those studies have been conducted in the United States, and they are largely limited to semi-quantitative efforts performed as part of volunteer clean-up activities. This study quantifies the distribution and composition of beach debris by sampling 43 stratified random sites on the Orange County, California coast, from August to September 1998. We estimated that approximately 106 million items, weighing 12 metric tons, occur on Orange County beaches. The most abundant items were pre-production plastic pellets, foamed plastics, and hard plastics. Debris density on the remote rocky shoreline was greater than that on high-use sandy beaches for most debris items. This finding partially reflects the periodic clean-up of high-use beaches by local municipalities, and also indicates that a high percentage of the observed debris was transported to the site from waterborne sources.     

水—岩相互作用地球化学模型的回顾与展望

从地球化学模型开始起步以来,将化学热力学应用于地球化学系统已经历了30年的历程.人们利用热力学模型开发了一系列计算机程序,在大范围内进行了温度、压力和成分的地球化学作用的研究。经过演化,地球化学模型有两类;即“反演模型”和“正演模型”,前者用水和岩石成分确定和定量研究地球化学反应,后者则用假想的地球化学反应预测水和岩石的化学成分.由于缺乏水文学、矿物学、反应动力学以及地下水系统中反应物与生成物的化学、同位素成分等资料,在地下水环境中应用地球化学模型遇到了严竣的挑战。今后,地球化学模型的重大进展,是在非均质系统中结合实际,应用化学动力学,更进一步地使流体运动与反应模型结合起来.