世界级贵金属和贱金属矿床的定量研究

迄今全世界已发现金１９．３万吨，其中６２％产于四个主要产金国，６８％产于四种主要金矿床类型银已发现１７４万吨，５５％产于四个主要产银国，４５％产于四种主要银矿床类型铜已发现１５．２亿吨，５６％产于四个主要产铜国，８８％产于四种主要铜矿床类型。     

Early Cretaceous Climate Changes Recorded in Magnetic Susceptibility and Color Index Variations of the Lower Liupanshan Group, Central China

This study carried out comprehensive analysis on sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility(χlf) and color data of the continental sediments of the Liupanshan Group in Central China so as to obtain climatic change information during the 129.14–122.98 Ma interval. Based on the results of the ?lf and of the redness(a*), the section can be divided into two segments:(1) 129.14–126.3 Ma, with the lowest ?lf values and strongly variable relatively high values of redness and(2) 126.3–122.98 Ma, with high ?lf values and relatively low redness. Analysis of the lithology and facies as well as the magnetic minerals and their contents points to a detrital origin of the magnetic minerals and this allow us to interpret the relationship between magnetic susceptibility variations and climate changes. Our study shows that the climate was significantly dry and hot during the whole studied interval although the interval between 126.3 Ma and 122.98 was a little bit cooler with increased humidity.     

更多的证据表明厄尔尼诺现象与地震活动性有关

在1988年就有迹象表明,1964至1987年间南太平洋区振荡指数(SOI)五个极小值跟南纬20°至40°沿东太平洋洋脊(EPR)的间歇性地震活动相关。这个地区是地球上扩张最快的众多洋脊之一(图1),该处巨大能量通过海底火山和热液活动释放出来。现在另一次厄尔尼诺(南部振荡)期可能快要结束,此刻正是补充检验地震活动及南太平洋区振荡指数值的时侯。观察到的巧合往往是发现(新事物)的前提,并促使我们加倍注意对可用资料的再检查。尽管厄尔尼诺和震群这两类不同现象各自的复现期和持续时间均不规则,     

A nested rediscretization method to improve pathline resolution by eliminating weak sinks representing wells

This paper discusses a method for overcoming the problem of weak sinks representing wells that result from spatial discretization effects when using MODPATH, the particle-tracking postprocessor for the ground water flow model MODFLOW. Weak sink cells are model cells that represent a well that does not discharge at a sufficiently large rate to capture all of the flow entering the cell; therefore, flowpaths within these cells cannot be uniquely defined because it is impossible to know whether a given water particle discharges to the well or passes through the cell. Creating a submodel of the well cell by using the nested rediscretization method can eliminate this ambiguity by converting the weak sink cell into a strong sink cell. The method is designed to be run manually for each well and for steady-state conditions. Other advantages, disadvantages, technical considerations, and limitations of the method are presented. Software created for the method consists of five Fortran programs that are operated using a set of instructions. A practical application of the method is presented by using an example wellhead-protection problem that demonstrates that nested rediscretization can provide more accurate particle-tracking results than those obtained by using a coarsely discretized model alone.     

Spatial differences in persistent organochlorine pollutant concentrations between the Bering and Chukchi Seas (1993)

During August-September 1993, a joint Russian-United States expedition to the Bering and Chukchi Seas took place. Surface water samples were collected from 21 sites and separated into dissolved (duplicates) and suspended solids; 19 sediment and 6 air samples were also collected. These samples were analysed for 19 organochlorine pesticides, 11 chlorobenzenes and 113 PCB congeners. The report provides data on selected compounds which occured in > or = 75% of the water samples. Highest water concentrations were observed for HCH in open waters north and south of the Bering Strait, both regions being similar (alpha-HCH; 2.2 ng/L and lindane: 0.35 ng/L). Air levels observed were also constant (alpha-HCH; 0.041 ng/m3, lindane: 0.0093 ng/m3). Suspended solids and air particulares contributed little to the concentrations in their respective media, an observation common to all analytes except for the PCBs and the DDT residues. The sum of PCB concentrations in water were higher in the Bering Sea area compared to the Chukchi Sea (1.0 vrs 0.67 ng/L) and lower for air (0.46 vrs 0.23 ng/m3). Sum of DDT in water was higher in the Bering Sea than in the Chukchi Sea (0.23 vrs 0.15 ng/L) while in sediments and air, the Bering Sea concentrations were lower (0.95 vrs 1.6 ng/g and 36 vrs 56 pg/m3, respectively). Other organochlorine compounds for which data are presented include: pp'-DDE, pp'-DDT, dieldrin, HCB, 3 chlorobenzenes and 3 PCB congeners. Fluxes of all these chemicals through the Berin Strait are estimated; they ranged from 57 t/a (alpha-HCH) through 26 t/a (for sum of PCBs) to 0.2 t/a (pp'-DDE, dieldrin and 1,2,3-trichlorobenzene). Fugacity ratios for the HCHs and PCBs indicate the alpha-HCH is degassing in both the Bering and Chukchi Seas and that the gamma-isomer is degassing in the Bering Sea and is close to equilibrium (weakly absorbing) in the Chuchi Sea; the sum of PCBs are strongly absorbing in both areas.     

美国国家气象中心33年定量降水预报的评估

１９９６年美国国家气象中心开始实施定量降水预报和深入的ＱＰＦ检验方案。这些ＱＰＦ产品从一个依靠广泛预报经验的人工方法演变到更多依靠对数值模式的解释和修正的方法。