Study on the geochemical characteristics of arc-volcanic rocks in the Chiang Rai-Lampang belt of northern Thailand

On the basis of the petrographic characteristics, rock assemblages, petrochemistry, REEs, trace elements and geotectonic settings, the authors described the characteristics of continental marginal arc-volcanic rocks in the Late Permian-Early Triassic (P2-T1) volcanic rocks distributed on the eastern side of the ocean-ridge/oceanic island basalts in the Chiang Mai belt. The volcanic rock assemblage is basaltic andesite-andesite-rhyolite. The volcanic series is dominated by the calc-alkaline series, with the tholeitic series coming next. The chemical composition of the volcanic rocks is characterized by high Al2O3; the REE distribution patterns are of the LREE-enrichment rightward incline type; the large cation elements are highly enriched, and the volcanic rocks are generally enriched in U and Th and depleted in Ti, Cr and P. The petrochemical plot falls within the field of island-arc volcanic rocks, in consistency with the projected points of continental marginal arc-volcanic rocks in the Lancangjiang belt. These continental mar-ginal arc-volcanic rocks, together with ocean-ridge/oceanic island-type volcanic rocks in the Chiang Mai belt, con-stitute the ocean-ridge volcanic rock-arc magmatic rock belts distributed in pairs, indicative of eastward subduction of the oceanic crust in the Chiang Mai belt. This result is of great importance in exploring the evolution of the pa-leo-Tethys in the Chiang Mai belt.     

泰国北部清莱-南邦带弧火山岩特征研究

从岩相学特征、岩石组合、岩石化学、稀土元素、微量元素、大地构造环境等诸多方面分析清迈带洋脊/洋岛玄武岩的东侧分布的晚二叠世—早三叠世(P2—T1)火山岩认为其具有陆缘弧火山岩特征。火山岩组合为玄武安山岩-安山岩-流纹岩;火山岩系列以钙碱性系列为主,拉斑系列次之;火山岩的化学成分以高Al2O3为特征,稀土模式为轻稀土富集右倾斜型;微量元素大阳离子元素富集,普遍富U,Th亏损Ti,Cr和P;岩石化学投点均落在岛弧火山岩区,与中国澜沧江带陆缘弧火山岩投点相一致。该陆缘弧火山岩带与清迈带的洋脊/洋岛型火山岩构成了成对分布的洋脊火山岩-弧岩浆岩带,指示清迈带洋壳向东俯冲。     

泰国清莱地区三叠纪南邦群碎屑锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

对于中国滇西和东南亚地区古特提斯缝合带对比一直存在诸多争议。在泰国清莱地区三叠纪南邦群中采集4件碎屑岩样品,进行岩石学、地球化学和锆石U-Pb测年研究。岩石学和地球化学研究表明,该套碎屑岩的源岩主要为基性—中基性岩石,卷入少量长英质岩石,物源区大地构造背景为岛弧带。所测得最古老锆石U-Pb同位素年龄为3269Ma±29Ma,绝大多数年龄集中形成3个峰值：280~250Ma、500~440Ma和1200~1100Ma,指示清莱地区三叠纪南邦群碎屑物源区主要为清莱岛弧火山岩带西部条带和前泥盆纪变质岩系。碎屑锆石年龄图谱的对比结果表明,原特提斯构造阶段之前,南邦地体与西澳大利亚发育类似构造—热事件;在原特提斯构造阶段之后,其构造—热事件特征与扬子构造域相类似,指示古特提斯洋的主洋盆应该在南邦地体以西,支持清迈构造带代表古特提斯主洋盆的观点。     

Constraints of U-Pb zircon dating on the evolution of the Nan-Uttaradit suture zone in northern Thailand

Nan-Uttaradit suture zone in northern Thailand is a narrow N-S trending and discontinuous ophiolite belt along the Nan River (Barr and MacDonald, 1987). It was interpreted as the Paleo-Tethys oceanic remnants that separate Shan-Thai (Sibumasu) terrane and Indo-china terrane (Bunopas, 1981; Hada, 1999), and rein-terpreted as the boundary of Sukhothai (or Simao) terrane and the Indochina terrane that representing a segment of the back-arc basin (Barr and MacDonald, 1991; Ueno and Hisada, 2001; Metcalfe, 2006; Ferrari et al., 2008; Sone and Metcalfe, 2008). This zone is dominated by Carboniferous to Permian Pha Som Metamorphic Complex (Hess and Koch, 1975). The Pha Som Metamorphic Complex consists of several tectonostratigraphic slices of volcanic rocks, schists, meta-greywacke, serpentinite and bedded chert. And it is in fault contact with Pak Pat volcanic rocks. Both of Pha Som Metamorphic Complex and Pak Pat volcanic rocks are covered by the Upper Triassic and the Juras-sic red sandstones with angular unconformity. Previ-ous studies mainly focused on the amalgamation epi-sodes of the Sukhothai terrane and Indochina terrane. The Late Carboniferous to Early Permian age of the opening of the basin was proposed by some authors (Singharajwarapan and Berry, 2000; Metcalfe, 2006; Ferrari et al., 2008) on the basis of the regional strati-graphy, different dating of cherts, and schists from the Pha Som Metamorphic Complex.     

Evolution of the Loei Belt in northeastern Thailand and northwestern Laos

On the tectonic evolution of the mainland South-east Asia, researchers pay more attention to the Chiang Mae and Nan belts. Investigation on the Loei Belt is usually ignored. Therefore, there are different opinions about its naming and evolution: Loei Fold-belt located at the western margin of the Indochina Block during the Late Paleozoic and Triassic (Bunopas, 1981; Man-tajit, 1999), Petchabun Fold-belt between the Khao Khwang and Pha Nok Khao carbonate plateforms dur-ing the Carboniferous and Permian (Helmcke, 1983, 1986; Altermann, 1989, 1991), Loei Suture Zone be-tween the Nakhon Thai and Indochina blocks during the Late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic (Charusiri et al., 1997, 2002; Chutakositkanon et al., 1997, 1999)     

The Permian seamount stratigraphic sequence in Chiang Mai,North Thailand and its tectogeographic significance

The widespread Permian carbonate strata outcropped in northwestern Thailand are considered as the evidence for the Late Paleozoic shallow Tethys. Our investigation, however, shows that basalt can be discovered usually under the Permian carbonate sequence in Chiang Mai-Fang area, northwestern Thailand. The basalt belongs to subalkalic basalt and potassic trachybasalt. They are characterized by high P and Ti in major elements, by high content, enriching LREE, lacking δEu anomaly in rare earth elements, and by enrichment of the large ion lithophile element (LILE) (K, Rb, Ba) and high field strength element (HFSE) (Nb, Ta, Zr) in trace elements, which can be compared with the characters of the oceanic island basalt in Three Rivers (Jinsha River, Lancang River, and Nujiang River) area, southwestern China. Therefore, the Permian carbonate in the studied area was deposited on a sea-mount, rather than on a stable carbonate platform. The oceanic basin is correlated to the Late Paleozoic ocean represented by the Changning-Menglian Belt in southwestern China and they are a major basin of the Paleo-Tethyan Archipelagoes Ocean. The result indicates nonexistence of a Shan-Thai Block in the Late Paleozoic.     

Geochemical characteristics of the oceanic island-type volcanic rocks in the Chiang Mai zone,northern Thailand

The oceanic island volcanic rocks in the Chiang Mai zone, northern Thailand, are usually covered by Lower Carboniferous and Upper Permian shallow-water carbonate rocks, with the Hawaii rocks and potash trachybasalt being the main rock types. The alkaline series is dominant with sub-alkaline series occurring in few cases. The geochemical characteristics are described as follows: the major chemical compositions are characterized by high TiO₂, high P₂O₅ and medium K₂O; the rare-earth elements are characterized by right-inclined strong LREE-enrichment patterns; the trace element patterns are of the upward-bulging K-Ti enrichment type; multi-component plots falling within the fields of oceanic island basalts and alkali basalts, belonging to the oceanic island-type volcanic rocks, which are similar to the equivalents in Deqin and Gengma (the Changning-Menglian zone) of Yunnan Province, China.     

泰国北部清迈带洋岛型火山岩特征研究

泰国北部清迈带洋岛型火山岩常被下石炭统及上二叠统浅水碳酸盐岩覆盖,主要岩石类型有夏威夷岩和钾质粗面玄武岩。以碱性系列为主,极个别亚碱性。主要化学成分以高TiO2、高P2O5和中K2O为特征;稀土元素强烈的轻稀土富集右倾斜型;微量元素模式呈K-Ti上隆富集型;多种成分投图落于洋岛玄武岩区及碱性玄武岩区,属于洋岛型火山岩。与中国云南德钦、耿马(昌宁-孟连带)洋岛玄武岩类似,它们是清迈带古特提斯洋壳的极重要组成部分。     

Correlation of Triassic stratigraphy between the Simao and Lampang-Phrae Basins: implications for the tectonopaleogeography of Southeast Asia

Based on our extensive fieldwork in southwestern Yunnan and northern Thailand, followed by detailed stratigraphic and paleontological studies, we propose that the Triassic Simao Basin in Yunnan can be correlated with the Triassic Lampang–Phrae Basin in Thailand. Strata equivalent to those in the southern Lancangjiang sub-basin have not been identified in northern Thailand. We consider that during the Triassic the Simao and the Lampang–Phrae Basins belonged to the same tectonopaleogeographic unit. The orogenic belt to the east of this unit includes the Nan–Uttaradit and Ailaoshan sutures. The ‘Shan–Thai Block’ in northern Thailand, can be divided from east to west into the Sukhothai, the Inthanon, and the Shan terranes. According to tectonopaleogeographic correlation, our results support the idea that the Sukhothai Terrane, including the Lampang–Phrae Basin, belongs to the Cathaysian domain and not to Gondwana domain, and that the geosuture corresponding to the Changning–Menglian Suture in Yunnan must lie to the west of the Sukhothai Terrane in Thailand.     

Tracing Disrupted Outer Margin of Paleoeurasian Continent through Union of Myanmar

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