温室气体本底观测研究

简要介绍了限排温室气体的源、汇特点及其影响,概述了国内外温室气体本底观测研究的沿革及发展趋势,阐述了在我国深入开展该领域工作的紧迫性和必要性。     

耕作方式对紫色水稻土活性有机碳的影响

以位于西南大学试验农场的紫色土长期免耕试验田为研究对象,探讨不同耕作方式-冬水田平作(DP)、水旱轮作(SH)、垄作免耕(LM)、厢作免耕(XM)和垄作翻耕(LF)对紫色水稻土总有机碳、活性有机碳及稳态碳的影响。结果表明,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内,不同耕作方式下总有机碳的平均含量为LM(22.74 g/kg)>DP(14.57 g/kg)>XM(13.73 g/kg)>LF(13.10 g/kg)>SH(11.92 g/kg);活性有机碳的平均含量为DP(3.67 g/kg)>LF(3.49 g/kg)>LM(3.28 g/kg)>XM(3.17 g/kg)>SH(2.69 g/kg);稳态碳占土壤总有机碳的百分比为LM (85%)>SH (78%)>XM (77%)>LF (75%)>DP (74%)。长期垄作免耕具有明显的碳截存效应和良好的固碳能力。     

耕作方式对西南地区紫色水稻土全氮及碱解氮的影响

以位于西南大学试验农场的紫色土长期免耕试验田为研究对象,探讨了不同耕作方式-冬水田平作(DP)、水旱轮作(SH)、垄作免耕(LM)、厢作免耕(XM)和垄作翻耕(LF)对紫色水稻土全氮及碱解氮的影响。结果表明,在0~60 cm的土壤深度内,不同耕作方式下土壤全氮的含量为LM (1.53 g/kg)>DP (1.50 g/kg)>XM (1.32 g/kg)>LF (1.31 g/kg)>SH (1.16 g/kg),碱解氮为DP (111.48 mg/kg)>LM (105.20 mg/kg)>SH (101.97 mg/kg)>LF (97.26 mg/kg)>XM (95.19 mg/kg),长期垄作免耕有利于土壤中全氮的提高。不同耕作处理下土壤C/N在7.96~16.56之间,免耕农作更有利于有机质矿化过程中养分的释放。     

Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Three Paddy Rice Based Cultivation Systems in Southwest China

To understand methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanently flooded rice paddy fields and to develop mitigation options, a field experiment was conducted in situ for two years (from late 2002 to early 2005) in three rice-based cultivation systems, which are a permanently flooded rice field cultivated with a single time and followed by a non-rice season (PF), a rice-wheat rotation system (RW) and a rice-rapeseed rotation system (RR) in a hilly area in Southwest China. The results showed that the total CH4 emissions from PF were 646.3±52.1 and 215.0±45.4 kg CH4 hm-2 during the rice-growing period and non-rice period, respectively. Both values were much lower than many previous reports from similar regions in Southwest China. The CH4 emissions in the rice-growing season were more intensive in PF, as compared to RW and RR. Only 33% of the total annual CH4 emission in PF occurred in the non-rice season, though the duration of this season is two times longer than the rice season. The annual mean N2O flux in PF was 4.5±0.6 kg N2O hm-2 yr-1. The N2O emission in the rice-growing season was also more intensive than in the non-rice season, with only 16% of the total annual emission occurring in the non-rice season. The amounts of N2O emission in PF were ignorable compared to the CH4 emission in terms of the global warming potential (GWP). Changing PF to RW or RR not only eliminated CH4 emissions in the non-rice season, but also substantially reduced the CH4 emission during the following rice-growing period (ca. 58%, P<0.05). However, this change in cultivation system substantially increased N2O emissions, especially in the non-rice season, by a factor of 3.7 to 4.5. On the 100-year horizon, the integrated GWP of total annual CH4 and N2O emissions satisfies PF>>RR≈RW. The GWP of PF is higher than that of RW and RR by a factor of 2.6 and 2.7, respectively. Of the total GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions, CH4 emission contributed to 93%, 65% and 59% in PF, RW and RR, respectively. These results suggest that changing PF to RW and RR can substantially reduce not only CH4 emission but also the total GWP of the CH4 and N2O emissions.     

水库温室气体排放及其影响因素研究进展

二氧化碳、甲烷和氧化亚氮是3种重要的温室气体。水库是这些温室气体的重要排放源,排放途径多样,而且排放受诸多因素影响,其温室气体的排放量在时间和空间上存在差异。水库消落区是连接水陆生态系统能流、物流的枢纽,是温室气体产生的重要场所。通过分析国内外水库温室气体排放相关领域的研究成果,阐述了水库消落区、水库沉积物中温室气体的产生和排放特点;总结分析了水库温室气体的4个主要排放途径:水面自由扩散、气泡排放、水轮机和溢洪道、大坝下游河流排放;从季节变化、水面风速、水体pH、水温、水体含氧量、水位变化、水体中氮元素和磷元素浓度、库龄等角度,深入探讨了水库温室气体排放的影响因素;提出了未来在水库温室气体研究中需要加强的几方面内容。