热带对流层顶温度异常与低平流层水汽异常“不匹配”个例的分析

利用UARS卫星卤素掩星试验(HALOE)的观测资料结合同时期的ERA-Interim再分析资料分析了1994—2005年热带对流层顶温度异常与低平流层水汽异常的关系。结果表明,1994—2005年期间大部分年份都是热带对流层顶温度异常偏高(偏低)对应平流层水汽异常增加(减小)的温度-水汽的"匹配"现象,但是在1996年则出现了温度-水汽的"不匹配"现象。对比同年中所出现的"不匹配"月份与"匹配"月份,"不匹配"月份的对流活动发生频率低于"匹配"月份,对流活动月平均强度弱于后者,但"不匹配"月份的对流活动瞬时强度较大,在四个时段内发生了强而深厚的深对流活动,地面气旋活动与海温升高则是造成这四个时段发生强深对流活动的主要因素。在较强上升气流的作用下,水汽能够从对流层低层直接传输至低平流层,使平流层水汽增加。另一方面,较强的深对流活动抬升对流层顶,使对流层顶温度降低。因而,短时强烈的深对流活动是造成1996年温度-水汽"不匹配"的关键因素。此外,"不匹配"月份期间BD环流的异常增强使得低平流层的水汽更进一步增加,加剧了温度-水汽的"不匹配"现象。     

边界层对流对示踪物抬升和传输影响的大涡模拟研究

利用"西北干旱区陆气相互作用野外观测实验"加密观测期间敦煌站的实测资料以及大涡模式, 通过一系列改变地表热通量和风切变的敏感性数值试验, 分析了地表热通量和风切变对边界层对流的强度、形式, 以及对对流边界层结构和发展的影响。模拟结果显示风切变一定, 增大地表热通量时, 由于近地层湍流运动增强, 向上输送的热量也较多, 使对流边界层变暖增厚, 而且边界层对流的强度明显增强, 对流泡发展的高度也较高。当地表热通量一定, 增大风切变时, 由于风切变使夹卷作用增强, 将逆温层中的暖空气向下卷入混合层中, 使对流边界层增暖增厚, 但是对流泡容易破碎, 对流的强度也较弱。另外通过在模式近地层释放绝对浓度为100的被动示踪物方法, 用最小二乘法定量地分析了地表热通量和风切变分别与示踪物抬升效率和传输高度的关系。分析结果表明, 风切变小于10.5×10-3 s-1时, 增大地表热通量加强了上层动量的下传, 使示踪物的抬升效率也线性增大;地表热通量小于462.5 W m-2时, 增大风切变减弱了边界层对流的强度, 从而使示踪物的抬升效率减弱。当风切变一定时, 示踪物的平均传输高度随地表热通量增加而增大, 而地表热通量一定, 只有风切变大于临界值时, 示踪物平均传输高度才随风切变的增加而增大, 而临界风速的大小由地表热通量决定。     

A CASE STUDY OF THE UNCORRELATED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES AND STRATOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR ANOMALIES

Using the measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment(HALOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Interim reanalysis data for the period 1994-2005, we analyzed the relationship between tropical tropopause temperature anomalies and stratospheric water vapor anomalies. It is found that tropical tropopause temperature is correlated with stratospheric water vapor, i.e., an anomalously high(low) tropical tropopause temperature corresponds to anomalously high(low) stratospheric water vapor during the period 1994-2005,except for 1996. The occurrence frequency and strength of deep convective activity during the‘mismatched'months is less and weaker than that during the‘matched'months in 1996. However, the instantaneous intensity of four short periods of deep convective activity, caused by strong surface cyclones and high sea surface temperatures, are greater during the ‘mismatched'months than during the ‘matched'months. Water vapor is transported from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere through a strong tropical upwelling, leading to an increase in stratospheric water vapor. On the other hand, deep convective activity can lift the tropopause and cool its temperature. In short, the key factor responsible for the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor in1996 is the instantaneous strong deep convective activity. In addition, an anomalously strong Brewer-Dobson circulation brings more water vapor into the stratosphere during the‘mismatched'months in 1996, and this exacerbates the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor.