Impact of sea spray on upper ocean temperature during typhoon passage: simulation with a 1-D turbulent model

At the interface between the lower atmosphere and sea surface, sea spray might significantly influence air-sea heat fluxes and subsequently, modulate upper ocean temperature during a typhoon passage. The effects of sea spray were introduced into the parameterization of sea surface roughness in a 1-D turbulent model, to investigate the effects of sea spray on upper ocean temperature in the Kuroshio Extension area, for the cases of two real typhoons from 2006, Yagi and Soulik. Model output was compared with data from the Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO), and Reynolds and AMSRE satellite remote sensing sea surface temperatures. The results indicate drag coefficients that include the spray effect are closer to observations than those without, and that sea spray can enhance the heat fluxes (especially latent heat flux) considerably during a typhoon passage. Consequently, the model results with heat fluxes enhanced by sea spray simulate better the cooling process of the SST and upper-layer temperature profiles. Additionally, results from the simulation of the passage of typhoon Soulik (that passed KEO quickly), which included the sea spray effect, were better than for the simulated passage of typhoon Yagi (that crossed KEO slowly). These promising 1-D results could provide insight into the application of sea spray in general circulation models for typhoon studies.     

A global ocean reanalysis product in the China Ocean Reanalysis (CORA) project

The first version of a global ocean reanalysis over multiple decades (1979–2008) has been completed by the National Marine Data and Information Service within the China Ocean Reanalysis (CORA) project. The global ocean model employed is based upon the ocean general circulation model of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A sequential data assimilation scheme within the framework of 3D variational (3DVar) analysis, called multi-grid 3DVar, is implemented in 3D space for retrieving multiple-scale observational information. Assimilated oceanic observations include sea level anomalies (SLAs) from multi-altimeters, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from remote sensing satellites, and in-situ temperature/salinity profiles. Evaluation showed that compared to the model simulation, the annual mean heat content of the global reanalysis is significantly approaching that of World Ocean Atlas 2009 (WOA09) data. The quality of the global temperature climatology was found to be comparable with the product of Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), and the major ENSO events were reconstructed. The global and Atlantic meridional overturning circulations showed some similarity as SODA, although significant differences were found to exist. The analysis of temperature and salinity in the current version has relatively larger errors at high latitudes and improvements are ongoing in an updated version. CORA was found to provide a simulation of the subsurface current in the equatorial Pacific with a correlation coefficient beyond about 0.6 compared with the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) mooring data. The mean difference of SLAs between altimetry data and CORA was less than 0.1 m in most years.     

台风期间海洋飞沫对海气湍通量的影响研究

本文以2006年9月日本以南海域的台风YAGI为例,应用黑潮延伸体附近的KEO浮标观测资料,并结合卫星遥感等融合资料,分析海洋飞沫在台风不同发展阶段对海气界面间热量通量和动量通量的影响。首先,定量地分析台风期间海洋飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫能够显著地加剧海气界面间的热量交换,尤其是潜热交换。海洋飞沫增加的热通量随着风速的增强而增大,随着波龄的增大而减小。随后,通过动量分析表明,在台风YAGI过境期间,海洋飞沫显著地增强了由大气向海洋的动量转移。当风速达到台风量级后,考虑海洋飞沫所增加的动量通量与界面动量通量大小相当,同时,在此风速条件下,海洋飞沫在海气界面形成极限饱和悬浮层,抑制风到海表面的动量转移,导致海气界面间总的动量通量的增长率随之减小。     

一种基于变分优化的逐步订正法在海冰密集度分析中的应用

卫星遥感获取的海冰密集度观测资料中包含着空间多尺度信息。然而，多数传统的数据同化方法难以在海冰密集度变化较为复杂的海冰边缘区有效提取这些多尺度信息。为解决上述问题，本文设计了一种基于变分优化的逐步订正分析方法—空间多尺度递归滤波，该方法是逐步订正分析与最小化算法的结合，它能够从长波到短波依次提取观测中的各种空间尺度信息。与传统的客观分析相比，这种基于变分的多尺度分析方法不仅能够在最小化过程中一次性的提取出观测中的多尺度信息，而且能够方便合理的进行参数配置。单观测点同化试验的分析结果表明，空间多尺度递归滤波方法具有良好的观测信息空间传播能力。随后在二维海冰密集度的分析试验中，该方法能够较好的提取SSMI海冰密集度观测资料中的空间多尺度信息，进而获得高精度的海冰密集度分析结果。     

A new version of regional ocean reanalysis for coastal waters of China and adjacent seas

A new regional ocean reanalysis over multiple decades (1958–2008) for the coastal waters of China and adjacent seas has been completed by the National Marine Data and Information Service (NMDIS) under the CORA (China Ocean ReAnalysis) project. Evaluations were performed on three aspects: (1) the improvement of general reanalysis quality; (2) eddy structures; and (3) decadal variability of sea surface height anomalies (SSHAs). Results showed that the quality of the new reanalysis has been enhanced beyond ～40% (39% for temperature, 44% for salinity) in terms of the reduction of root mean squared errors (RMSEs) for which the reanalysis values were compared to observed values in the observational space. Compared to the trial version released to public in 2009, the new reanalysis is able to reproduce more detailed eddy structures as seen in satellite and in situ observations. EOF analysis of the reanalysis SSHAs showed that the new reanalysis reconstructs the leading modes of SSHAs much better than the old version. These evaluations suggest that the new CORA regional reanalysis represents a much more useful dataset for the community of the coastal waters of China and adjacent seas.     

计算机的常见故障与排除

计算机所发生的故障有两大类型：一类为硬件故障;另一类是软件故障与工作软件故障。下面就2大类型故障发生时的表现与基本排除方法加以论述。     

海气热通量算法的改进及应用

COARE模型是国际上常用的计算海气热通量的算法,其风速适用范围可达20m/s,但未包含飞沫等高风速下的影响因子,将其直接扩展到20m/s以上风速的海况存在不合理性。本文提出了适合各种风速条件下的包含飞沫影响的海面动力粗糙度长度参数化方案,并利用该方案改进了COARE 3.0模型。利用南海浮标的观测数据,根据改进的COARE 3.0模型计算了海气热通量,分析了飞沫对海气热通量的影响。结果表明,在0～20m/s风速范围内,感热通量与潜热通量主要由海气温差和海气湿差决定,与波龄的相关性很小,飞沫对热通量无显著影响。当风速大于20m/s,感热通量和潜热通量与海气温差和海气湿差的相关性减小,与波龄的相关性增加,潜热通量与波龄呈现负相关。考虑飞沫的效应后,总热通量明显增加,飞沫所增加的感热通量平均可占界面感热通量的38.89%,飞沫所增加的潜热通量平均占界面潜热通量的39.19%。     

数字化测图仪维修方法

介绍数字化测图仪故障维修的两种基本方法。