Full waveform inversion of field sonar returns for a visco-acousticEarth; a comparison of linearized and fully nonlinear methods

The techniques of linearized least squares inversion (LLSI) and simulated annealing (SA) are both used to invert a series of synthetic and real normal-incidence, geo-acoustic sonar returns for estimates of impedance versus two-way travel time in the top several meters of ocean floor sediment. The objective is to determine the better (faster, more accurate) method for inverting this class of data. LLSI uses an over parameterized earth, i.e., one composed of layers whose thickness corresponds to a travel time equal to the sample interval. This makes the inverse problem quite large, but also makes it nearly linear. SA uses a more efficient parameterization, one whose layers have variable thickness as well as variable impedance. Because of the relatively narrow frequency band (~1 octave at 20 dB down from the peak) the time domain signal is oscillatory and inversion for layer thickness is nonlinear. Results show greater time efficiency in solving the large linear problem (LLSI) than in solving the small nonlinear problem (SA). However, in both cases almost all of the waveform energy was modeled, indicating that essentially all the information in the data had been successfully recovered. The inversions are applied to 10-20 kHz field data acquired offshore Florida, and several techniques are employed to enhance the effectiveness of each inversion method     

南京蒋庙岩体的年代学、地球化学及其地质意义

南京蒋庙侵入岩体的主体为辉长岩-闪长岩,并伴有少量的二长岩。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年表明,其形成于118±1.1Ma,为长江中下游地区中生代最晚的一次岩浆活动。岩石地球化学资料表明,在岩浆上升及结晶过程中无明显的地壳物质混染。蒋庙岩体的εNd(t)值为-0.49～-2.29,介于DMM及EMII之间。简单二单元混合计算表明,其源区中有较高比例的软流圈物质加入。综合其它年龄资料,长江中下游地区中生代岩浆活动可分为3期:早期为151～133Ma,中期为131～126Ma,晚期为125～118Ma。中生代时期该区总体处于板内伸展的构造环境,经历了岩石圈拉张、软流圈持续上涌的地幔过程。     

Sink Potential of Canadian Agricultural Soils

Net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from Canadian crop and livestock production were estimated for 1990, 1996 and 2001 and projected to 2008. Net emissions were also estimated for three scenarios (low (L), medium (M) and high (H)) of adoption of sink enhancing practices above the projected 2008 level. Carbon sequestration estimates were based on four sink-enhancing activities: conversion from conventional to zero tillage (ZT), reduced frequency of summerfallow (SF), the conversion of cropland to permanent cover crops (PC), and improved grazing land management (GM). GHG emissions were estimated with the Canadian Economic and Emissions Model for Agriculture (CEEMA). CEEMA estimates levels of production activities within the Canadian agriculture sector and calculates the emissions and removals associated with those levels of activities. The estimates indicate a decline in net emissions from 54 Tg CO₂–Eq yr^–1 in1990 to 52 Tg CO₂–Eq yr^–1 in 2008. Adoption of thesink-enhancing practices above the level projected for 2008 resulted in further declines in emissions to 48 Tg CO₂–Eq yr^–1 (L), 42 TgCO₂–Eq yr^–1 (M) or 36 Tg CO₂–Eq yr^–1 (H). Among thesink-enhancing practices, the conversion from conventional tillage to ZT provided the largest C sequestration potential and net reduction in GHG emissions among the scenarios. Although rates of C sequestration were generally higher for conversion of cropland to PC and adoption of improved GM, those scenarios involved smaller areas of land and therefore less C sequestration. Also, increased areas of PC were associated with an increase in livestock numbers and CH₄ and N₂O emissions from enteric fermentation andmanure, which partially offset the carbon sink. The CEEMA estimates indicate that soil C sinks are a viable option for achieving the UNFCCC objective of protecting and enhancing GHG sinks and reservoirs as a means of reducing GHG emissions (UNFCCC, 1992).     

古地幔流体及其在大陆克拉通地幔演化中的意义——以华北地台为例

古生代含捕虏体的金伯利岩和新生代含捕虏体的玄武岩同出于华北地台，提供了研究自古生代以来岩石圈演化的深源探针。古生代含金伯利岩的侵位表明古生代时曾存在冷厚的岩石圈；而新生代含捕虏体玄武岩的喷发，表明新生代时存在热薄的岩石圈。岩石圈减薄与“大洋化”是层圈物质交换作用在一定历史阶段中的反映。地幔流体是地幔演化产物，反之又作用于地幔演化。富含地幔流体的幔内剪切带及交代矿物层作为幔内软薄弱带，存在热、流体、化学及机械的耦合，是岩石圈减薄拆沉作用的重要界面位置。     

黄河源区生态环境恶化的现状及其原因

黄河是中华民族的母亲河 ,黄河流域是世界上著名的四大文明古国的发祥地之一。远古时代黄河流域气候湿润、水源丰富、土地肥沃。轩猿黄帝和他的沿黄部落就在这里开始创造中华文明。而今黄河下游常年发生断流 ,中游水土流失严重 ,河源区生态环境恶化 ,已引起我国政府和民众的关注。目前 ,防治黄河源区生态环境进一步恶化的研究工作必须加大力度 ,在财力、人力方面应给予更大的支持 ,及早编制该区治理生态环境的规划 ,加强环境保护措施     

塔里木盆地阿图什—八盘水磨反冲构造系统研究

通过大量野外地质调查和深部物探（地震剖面、MT和重力）综合构造解释，在位于东起八盘水磨，西对乌鲁克恰特以西的南天山前陆冲断带中，确定了阿图什－八盘水磨反冲构造系统及其三角带构造；该反冲系统由小阿图什－八盘水磨和乌尔－喀拉套山反冲构造系统及小阿图什－乌鲁克恰特被变形的反冲构造系统组成；即在以往认为南天山向塔里木盆地大规模中推覆的地区，塔里木盆地美国层第四纪以来沿多组滑脱面向天山新生代造山带反冲推覆。塔里木盆地反冲构造系统发育的区域基底埋深往往大于10km，对应麦盖提基底构造下凹区，而相邻柯坪塔格薄皮推覆构造系统发育的区域基底埋深一般小于10km,对应巴楚基底构造上隆区；逆冲和反冲构造转换带基底埋深约10km,平衡剖面恢复表明弧形逆冲和反冲构造顶部分别为逆冲和反冲位移量最大位置。