西藏日喀则地区德村-昂仁蛇绿岩内基性岩的元素与Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学及其揭示的特提斯地幔域特征

系统研究了西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带中部日喀则地区德村、吉丁和昂仁蛇绿岩中基性岩石的元素与 Sr-Nd-Pb 同位素地球化学特征。这些基性岩石,包括玄武岩、辉长岩和辉绿岩,属于低钾拉斑玄武岩系列,球粒陨石标准化稀土元素分配模式为轻稀土元素亏损的 N-MORB 型,(La/Yh)_N=0.31～0.65(除样品 DC993为1.17)。在原始地幔标准化微量元素图上,亏损高度不相容元素,与 N-MORB 配分模式一致。相对于 Th,无 Nb、Ta的亏损,显示样品不是产于 SSZ 环境。经构造环境图解判别,样品落入了 N-MORB 区域内;这些元素成分特征表明样品具有洋中脊环境或成熟的弧后盆地环境属性。Sr、Nd 和 Pb同位素组成特征表明特提斯地幔源区以 DM(亏损地幔)为主,同时存在少量 EMⅡ(富集地幔类型Ⅱ)、Sr,Nd 和 Pb 同位素组成特征还表明特提斯地幔域具有印度洋 MORB 型的 Sr-Nd-Pb 同位素组成特征。本文的结果进一步支持 Zhang et al.(2005)的研究结果,现今印度洋不仅在地理位置上占据了曾经是特提斯洋的大部分,而且它的地幔域还继承了曾经特提斯的地幔域的地球化学特征。     

内蒙古温都尔庙和巴彦敖包-交其尔蛇绿岩的元素与同位素地球化学：对古亚洲洋东部地幔域特征的限制

内蒙古中部发育的三条蛇绿岩带是华北板块和西伯利亚板块之间的缝合带。本文系统研究了其中的温都尔庙和巴彦敖包-交其尔两个蛇绿岩带中变质玄武岩的元素和 Sr、Nd、Pb 同位素地球化学。苏右旗温都尔庙碱性玄武岩为轻稀土富集型;岩石具有板内和大陆裂谷区玄武岩的特征,可能代表了600Ma 左右,温都尔庙地区开始发育的新洋盆。采自苏左旗的巴彦敖包-交其尔玄武岩分为两类,一类呈现轻稀土富集型,呈洋岛玄武岩特征;另一类具有明显的 Nb、Ta 负异常,显示大洋岛弧玄武岩特征,洋岛玄武岩的存在表明古亚洲洋曾经发育洋盆,大洋岛弧玄武岩的存在表明古亚洲洋内部有大洋岩石圈之间的俯冲。将本文的古亚洲洋洋岛玄武岩与中国西南地区的特提斯洋岛玄武岩进行系统的元素和同位素地球化学特征对比表明,古亚洲洋的洋岛玄武岩显示高 U/Pb(HU)和北大西洋和太平洋省的特征,而特提斯洋岛玄武岩属于印度洋省。这些说明古亚洲洋地幔域与特提斯地幔域是两个独立的构造域,它们代表了长期演化的两个不同的地幔地球化学域。     

Conservation status of New Zealand marine invertebrates, 2009

A re-evaluation of the threat status of New Zealand's marine invertebrates was undertaken in 2009, following earlier review of New Zealand's Threat Classification System and subsequent refinement of the national criteria for classifying threat of extinction to New Zealand's flora and fauna. Sufficient information was available to enable 295 marine invertebrate taxa to be fully evaluated and assigned to a national threat category. The 10 taxa at most risk of extinction (‘nationally critical’) were the giant seep clam Calyptogena sp., the primitive acorn barnacle Chionelasmus crosnieri, O'Shea's vent barnacle Volcanolepas osheai, the stalked barnacle Ibla idiotica, the four-blotched umbrella octopus Cirroctopus hochbergi, the roughy umbrella octopus Opisthoteuthis chathamensis, the giant squid Idioteuthis cordiformis, the large-egged polychaete Boccardiella magniovata and two gravel maggots, Smeagol climoi and Smeagol manneringi. The key threatening processes identified for marine invertebrates were fishing and land-use associated impacts such as sedimentation. We identified no taxa that had improved in threat status as a result of past or ongoing conservation management action, nor any taxa that had worsened in threat status because of known changes in their distribution, abundance or rate of population decline. We evaluated a small fraction of New Zealand's marine invertebrate fauna for their threat status. Many taxa remain ‘data deficient’ or unlisted. In addition to the most threatened taxa, we recommend these taxa and their habitats as priorities for further survey and monitoring.     

西秦岭新生代钾霞橄黄长岩的地球化学及其岩浆源区性质

西秦岭礼县地区新生代钾霞橄黄长岩具有贫SiO_2和Al_2O_3,富CaO、Mgo、TiO_2及K_2O Na_2O的特征,矿物组合中除橄榄石、辉石外,普遍含有霞石、黄长石、白榴石和磁铁矿等矿物。火山岩的∑REE为97.82×10~(-6)～639.1×10~(-6)。岩石以强烈富集大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Rb、Ba、K、Sr)和高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb、Th、Ta、P、Zr、Hf等)为特征具有Pb和Ti的负异常。火山岩具有相对高的~(143)Nd/~(144)Nd比值(0.512007～0.512130,ε~(Nd)= 3.4～ 5.8)和相对低的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值(0.703374～0.704726)。~(206)Pb/~(204)Pb、~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb和~(208)Ph/~(204)Ph的比值范围分别为18.088～19.112,15.476～15.626和38.071～39.680。岩石的微量元素和Sr、Nd和Pb同位素特征显示其与洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的地球化学特征相似。源区组成显示了亏损地幔端元DM、HIMU端元和富集地幔端元EMII这三种地球化学端元混合的特征。     

An example of fingerprint detection of greenhouse climate change

As an example of the technique of fingerprint detection of greenhouse climate change, a multivariate signal or fingerprint of the enhanced greenhouse effect is defined using the zonal mean atmospheric temperature change as a function of height and latitude between equilibrium climate model simulations with control and doubled CO₂ concentrations. This signal is compared with observed atmospheric temperature variations over the period 1963 to 1988 from radiosonde-based global analyses. There is a significant increase of this greenhouse signal in the observational data over this period.These results must be treated with caution. Upper air data are available for a short period only, possibly too short to be able to resolve any real greenhouse climate change. The greenhouse fingerprint used in this study may not be unique to the enhanced greenhouse effect and may be due to other forcing mechanisms. However, it is shown that the patterns of atmospheric temperature change associated with uniform global increases of sea surface temperature, with El NinoSouthern Oscillation events and with decreases of stratospheric ozone concentrations individually are different from the greenhouse fingerprint used here.     

Isotopic Studies of Processes in Mafic Magma Chambers: I. The Kiglapait Intrusion, Labrador

The initial Nd and Sr isotopic ratios of cumulate rocks andminerals of the Kiglapait intrusion are pertinent as indicatorsof the processes that affected the Kiglapair magma while itwas resident in the crust. A Sm–Nd mineral isochron indicatesthat the crystallization age of the intrusion is 1305?22 millionyears. The initial _Nd values range from—1?6 in the LowerZone to 6 in the Upper Zone and correlate with the anorthitecontent of plagioclase. The initial ₈₇Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios are 0.70407to 0.70433 in the Lower Zone, and increase monotonically up-section(decreasing plagioclase anorthite content) to 0.7068 in theUpper Zone. These variations are attributed to assimilationof roof rock concurrently with crystallization. It is evidentthat replenishment of the chamber with uncontaminated magmawas important during the accumulation of the lower zone rocks,but did not occurduring crystallization of the Upper Zone. Amathematical model relating isotope ratio shifts to the relativerates of crystallization, assimilation, and replenishment ispresented. It is estimated that the rate of assimilation wasbetween 0.01 and 0.04 of the crystallization rate, and thatduring the accumulation of the Lower Zone, the rate of replenishmentwas about half of the crystallization rate. A formulation for‘assimilation efficiency’is presented that relatedthe actual amount of assimilation (determined from the isotopedata) to the thermodynamic maximum allowable amount. The assimilationefficiency of the Kiglapait intrusion is not tightly constrained,but appears to be of the order of 0.01 near the end of crystallizationand perhaps as high as 0.07 near the beginning. Further quantitativeestimates of assimilation efficiency in different intrusionsemplaced under different conditions may aid in understandingassimilation mechanisms and in assessing the role of assimilationin magmatic evolution in general. Many layered intrusions studiedto date have initial Nd isotope ratios close to the chondriticvalue (_Nd= 0), suggestive of mantle magma sources that are chemicallyundepleted, and thus different from the sources of mid-oceanridge basalt and island-arec basalt.     

西藏拉萨地块西部扎布耶茶卡火山岩的成因与意义

近年来在青藏高原南部拉萨地块不断发现的碰撞后钾质和超钾质岩石,对于揭示印度与亚洲大陆碰撞以来高原岩石圈的深部作用与过程发挥了重要作用。分布在拉萨地块西部扎布耶茶卡东岸的钾质和超钾质火山岩主体喷发时代为中新世（约16Ma）,出露面积约为400km2,火山岩持续喷发0.45Ma,估算的喷发速率约为0.26×10-3km3/a。岩石包括3种类型,第一类（约16Ma）为超钾质的粗面安山岩,SiO2低（55%~58 %）,高Fe2O3、MgO、TiO2;第二类（约27Ma）为钾玄质的响岩和粗面岩;第三类是高SiO2的钾玄质—超钾质粗面岩（SiO2＝59%~64％）和流纹岩（SiO2＝69％）。岩石显示轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素高度富集和部分高场强元素亏损的特征,部分中酸性岩石显示高Sr低Y的埃达克岩的属性。岩石的Sr-Nd-Pb-O同位素组成与拉萨地块典型的超钾质岩石明显不同,显示亲青藏高原北部地球化学省的地球化学特征。扎布耶茶卡不同类型的岩浆代表了碰撞后高原南部岩石圈减薄作用导致的岩石圈不同层次的岩石部分熔融的产物。     

西藏当雄南部约54Ma辉长岩-花岗岩杂岩的岩石成因及意义

近年来在拉萨地块南部识别的多处基性岩浆活动对揭示地幔源区成分和相关动力学问题提供了重要线索.本文对拉萨-当雄一带原认为是早白垩世茶苍卡辉长岩-浦迁花岗岩杂岩中获得了始新世幔源岩浆活动记录.研究区出露的3种岩石类型及其U-Pb锆石年龄分别是正长闪长岩、碱性角闪二长花岗岩(54.0±0.3Ma)和钾玄质碱性辉长岩(53.8±0.4Ma).其中辉长岩锆石εHf(t)值为-6.6～ -4.2、Hf模式年龄t(O)M为0.88 ～0.97Ga;二长花岗岩εHf(t)为-10.2～ -6.5,Hf地壳模式年龄tDMC为1.5 ～ 1.7Ga.三类岩石都具有富碱、富钾特征,它们具相似的稀土和微量元素含量,均显示大离子亲石元素和Pb富集、高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti和P亏损等特征.闪长岩和花岗岩的Sr和Nd同位素特征相似,87Sr/86 Sr比值为0.711 ～0.712,εNd(t)为-9.1 ～ -7.1;而辉长岩分别是0.708和-4.8～ -4.9.本文与拉萨地块南部和中部已有结果共同表明,新生代岩浆岩的分布与成分显示了与俯冲带极性吻合的规律性变化特征,即从雅鲁藏布缝合带向北,岩石的富集组分逐渐增加,越过洛巴堆-米拉山断裂带进入具有地壳基底的中部拉萨地块后,岩石则明显增加了地壳富集组分,很好显示了基底成分对岩浆作用的控制.拉萨地块南部大约47Ma开始出现的富集组分,很可能是中部拉萨地块富集的古老地壳基底物质参与和控制的结果,而与印度大陆地壳物质的俯冲无关.茶苍卡辉长岩可能来源于受到早期俯冲来源流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔物质的部分熔融,而茶苍卡角闪二长花岗岩主要来源于古老地壳物质的重熔,但是有幔源物质参与.茶苍卡辉长岩不同于典型岛弧玄武岩,而与板内玄武岩或伸展背景下形成的玄武质岩石类似,其成因很可能与大约52Ma的特提斯洋壳板片断离和岩浆大爆发有关.