2007-2017年中国沙尘气溶胶的三维分布特征及输送过程

利用最新发布的CALIPSO产品，构建了2007-2017年中国沙尘气溶胶的三维分布，并结合HYSPLIT-4模式和再分析数据，探讨了沙尘的三维输送过程。结果表明：中国的沙尘排放源区主要是塔克拉玛干沙漠和巴丹吉林沙漠，沙尘气溶胶出现频率分别为60%和35%。塔克拉玛干沙漠排放的沙尘主要（50%~70%）停留在源地0~6 000 m高度，少部分向东输送至甘肃和内蒙古；巴丹吉林沙漠排放的沙尘则主要向东输送。中国沙尘排放量在春季最大，向东输送最强；夏季，东亚夏季风限制了沙尘向东输送；秋季，沙尘排放减弱，输送强度和夏季相当；沙尘排放量在冬季最小，输送最弱。夏季，沙尘在输送过程中可被抬升至高度5 000 m以上，春季次之，秋、冬季的沙尘主要在低层大气输送。沙尘在向东输送的过程中被抬升并和当地人为污染物混合变为污染性沙尘，华北地区污染性沙尘出现频率高达30%；输送到海洋的沙尘也会与洋面上（0~3 000 m高度）的海盐气溶胶混合，出现频率约为10%。     

基于多元统计分析的渔山列岛潮间带软体动物功能群和次级生产力比较

渔山列岛于2008年成为国家级海洋生态保护区,为了解渔山列岛保护区内潮间带软体动物次级生产力的时空变化。于1982年和2010年的3个季节(春、夏、冬)在渔山列岛进行潮间带软体动物调查,采用多元统计分析软体动物时空差异,以Brey经验公式计算分析软体动物次级生产力(P值,P/B值)。结果表明,年际间物种食性结构发生了明显的改变,1982年潮间带软体动物对次级生产力贡献率最大的物种有单齿螺(Monodonta labio)、锈凹螺(Chlorostoma rustica),占软体动物总次级生产力的42.88%,2010年潮间带软体动物对次级生产力贡献率最大的物种有覆瓦小蛇螺(Serpulorbis imbricata)、条纹隔贻贝(Septifer virgatus),占软体动物总次级生产力的75.96%。1982年,年均栖息密度为2758ind/m2,年均生物量为2100.26g/m2,年均次级生产力为240.04g/(m2·a),年均P/B值为0.63a–1;2010年,年均栖息密度为699ind/m2,年均生物量为1101.85g/m2,年均次级生产力为94.82g/(m2·a),年均P/B值为0.55a–1。多因素方差分析表明软体动物次级生产力年际间差异显著(F=5.761,P0.05),季节间和潮位间差异都不显著(F=0.135,P0.05;F=2.076,P0.05),P/B的值较低,表明该海域软体动物世代更替速度较慢,2010年的P/B值(0.55a–1)低于1982年的P/B值(0.63a–1),表明近30年来群落结构受到影响。     

A New Retracking Technique for Brown Peaky Altimetric Waveforms

A new Brown-Peaky (BP) retracker has been developed for peaky waveforms that usually appear within ～10 km to the coastline. The main feature of the BP is that it fits peaky waveforms using the Brown model without introducing a peak function. The retracking strategy first detects the peak location and width of a waveform using an adaptive peak detection method, and then estimates retracking parameters using a weighted least squares (WLS) estimator. The WLS assigns a downsized weight to corrupted waveform gates, but an equal weight to other normal waveform gates. The BP retracker has been applied to 4-year Jason-1 waveform (2002–2006) in two Australian coastal zones. The results retracked by BP, MLE4 and ALES retrackers have been validated against tide-gauge observations located at Burnie, Lorne and Broome. The comparison results show that three retrackers have similar performance over open oceans with the correlation coefficient (～0.7) and RMSE (～13 cm) between altimetric and tide-gauge sea levels for distance >7 km offshore. The main improvement of BP retracker occurs for distance ≤7 km to the coastline, where validation results indicate that data retracked by BP are more accurate (15–21 cm) than those by ALES (16–24 cm) and MLE4 (19–37 cm).     

Spatial Distribution Assessment and Source Apportionment of Land-Based Pollutant Yield from Qingdao,China

The spatial distribution of chemical oxygen demand(COD) and total nitrogen(TN) yield from Qingdao are studied by comparing pollutant yield amount, densities and spatial aggregation(Getis-Ord indexes) among the land-based pollutant source regions(PSRs) entering the three sub-seas(i.e. the Jiaozhou Bay(JZB), other coastal area in the Yellow Sea(OCAYS) and Laizhou Bay(LZB), respectively). Industrial composition of the loads are also studied by comparing pollutant yield among the sources of agriculture, rural domesticity, industry, urban domesticity and service, and calculation of Gini coefficient. Results show that spatial distribution of COD and TN yield from Qingdao are extremely unbalanced. The JZB, with less than 3% of the total coastal sea area of Qingdao, received 62% COD load and 65% TN yield from Qingdao, while the OCAYS, with more than 97% area, only received 23% COD and 20% TN, which consist with the much worsen water quality of JZB than that of OCAYS. On the other hand, the source apportionment of COD and TN loads in the PSRs entering JZB and the OCAYS was similar. The agricultural and domestic sources with high pollution intensity account for more than 80%, while the industrial and service sources with low pollution intensity account for less than 20%. While Gini coefficients, COD 0.81 and TN 0.84 which are much higher than the ‘imbalance' threshold of 0.4, show the uneven industrial structure of Qingdao. These results may be useful in the determination of land-based pollution total amount control at the PSR level.     

广州城市流浪乞讨者的空间管治与日常生活实践

以广州流浪乞讨者为研究对象,通过深度访谈等质性研究方法,解读针对流浪乞讨者的空间管治政策与手段,分析流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践与生境协商。研究发现：在地方城市政策对流动性与公共秩序限制的双重压力下,在流浪乞讨者的日常生活实践中,不仅有针对管治行动者而刻意为之的特殊营建,亦有基于程式化生活流程对自我身份认同的重塑与真情实感的展演。地方政府基于空间目标的救助与真实存在的日常生活实践存在着一种张力。研究关注了城市边缘群体日常生活对地理意义的主动塑造过程,对全面理解并规范管理中国城市流浪乞讨现象具有借鉴意义。     

A novel coupled FDM-DEM modelling method for flexible membrane boundary in laboratory tests

Difficulties are involved in discrete element method (DEM) modelling of the flexible boundary, that is, the membranes covering the soil sample, which can be commonly found in contemporary laboratory soil tests. In this paper, a novel method is proposed wherein the finite difference method (FDM) and DEM are coupled to simulate the rubber membrane and soil body, respectively. Numerical plane strain and triaxial tests, served by the flexible membrane, are implemented and analysed later. The effect of the membrane modulus on the measurement accuracy is considered, with analytical formulae derived to judge the significance of this effect. Based on an analysis of stress-strain responses and the grain rotation field, the mechanical performances produced by the flexible and rigid lateral boundaries are compared for the plane strain test. The results show that (1) the effect of the membrane on the test result becomes more significant at larger strain level because the membrane applies additional lateral confining pressure to the soil body; (2) the tested models reproduce typical stress and volumetric paths for specimens with shear bands; (3) for the plane strain test, the rigid lateral boundary derives a much higher peak strength and larger bulk dilatation, but a similar residual strength, compared with the flexible boundary. The latter produces a more uniform (or ‘diffuse') rotation field and more mobilised local kinematics than does the former. All simulations show that the proposed FDM-DEM coupling method is able to simulate laboratory tests with a flexible boundary membrane.     

Directional interpolation infinite element for dynamic problems in saturated porous media

In this study, a directional interpolation infinite element suited to a saturated porous medium is presented to account for dynamic problems with semi-infi     

一种自然邻近关系查询的空间索引结构

自然邻近关系在空间数据库管理系统中具有十分重要的地位。为了克服Voronoi图受空间目标位置的影响,本文采用约束Delaunay三角网,针对在二维欧式空间中离散面目标的自然邻近关系查询问题。首先对离散面进行三角剖分,然后将代表相同邻近关系的三角形合并成一个union,进而建立面目标自然邻近关系表达结构-Unions Delaunay。通过与Unions Delaunay相结合建立空间索引结构-R-tree Gridfile来实现对空间目标自然邻居完备的候选集提取以及索引结构的更新。对比实验结果表明R-tree Gridfile索引结构能够有效支持空间目标的自然邻近关系查询。     

南极中山站全天信息采集系统

南极高原拥有独特的天文观测优势,为了对南极中山站夜天文观测条件进行实测研究,中国科学院云南天文台专门研制了一套具有耐低温、自动除雪除霜等适应南极气候特征的全自动全天信息采集系统,该系统可以提供实时的全天云量、天光背景和全天图像,并将信息推送到网页实时显示。介绍了系统的研制及为适应南极气候进行的耐低温实验,统计分析了中山站2016~2017年的全天信息数据,结果显示,中山站2016和2017年的可观测时间为772.21 h和437.38 h,可观测夜数为93 d和51 d,天光背景最大真实值为22.05 Mag/arcsec 2,年平均气温为-10.6℃,最高气温19.1℃,最低气温为-44℃,2016年平均相对湿度为55.2%。     

Fast adsorption of microcystin-LR by Fe(III)-modified powdered activated carbon

Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic hepatotoxic peptides produced by the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis and present a public health hazard to humans and...