Dark maps, which are also called dark modes or dark themes, have gained popularity, but their usability has not been experimentally evaluated. This article presents a user experiment that uses eye-tracking to assess the usability of dark and light maps. Here, two widely used web maps, Google Maps and Gaode Maps, are selected at the street and city scales. Eight map-use tasks are designed and cover four operations (identify, compare, rank, and associate) with space-alone and attributes-in-space distinctions. Four pairs of map-use tasks (light-during-the-day, dark-during-the-day, dark-at-night, and light-at-night) are examined from three aspects: effectiveness, efficiency, and cognitive load. The results provide preliminary evidence that the light-during-the-day performance is generally the best in most cases, followed by the dark-at-night performance; the dark-during-the-day performance is the worst in all cases, followed by the light-at-night performance, which suggests that aligning the map design with the environment (i.e., lighting environment) is critical for better communication. The light-during-the-day performance is the best for space-alone tasks, and the dark-at-night performance is the best for attributes-in-space tasks. Our investigation also indicates that dark maps are far less favored in practice, which suggests that users' preference for using the dark mode of public-facing web maps needs to be shaped. Since light and dark maps are associated with photopic and scotopic vision, respectively, the results indicate the need for future studies on how to leverage scotopic vision to design better dark maps. 相似文献
Aiming at the asymmetric deformation of the surrounding rock in deep tunnels, from the perspective of the mechanical environment of the rock layer, the physical characteristics of the surrounding rock and the geometric characteristics of the tunnel, five kinds of influencing factors for the asymmetric deformation of the tunnel surrounding rock were selected, and the change levels of various factors were established. Through orthogonal test methods, 25 sets of orthogonal test simulation schemes were designed to study the asymmetric deformation law of the surrounding rock of deep roadway under the combined action of various factors. Three surface displacements of the surrounding rock are used as indicators to weigh the influence of various factors on the asymmetric deformation of the surrounding rock. Through the Extreme Difference analysis and F Statistics comparison of the indicators, the dominant influencing factors affect the deformation of the surrounding rock are obtained. By studying the distribution of the maximum deformation position of the surrounding rock, we have obtained the asymmetry characteristics of the surrounding rock deformation. In addition, the simplified mechanical analysis of the key influencing factors of the deformation of the surrounding rock is given, and the distribution law of the asymmetric characteristics of the surrounding rock deformation is summarized. The above research can provide a certain theoretical reference for the asymmetric deformation control and supporting scheme design of the surrounding rock in deep roadway.
