历史纸质气象档案数字化技术策略初步分析

利用安全扫描和光学字符识别技术实现气象档案数字化是对纸质气象历史档案拯救和开发利用的有效途径。该文在对数字化技术进行调研和试验的基础上, 提出了历史纸质气象档案数字化的建设思路, 针对气象档案记录内容的特点, 对OCR (optical character recognition) 手写体数字识别技术应用进行了分析, 提出了气象档案OCR识别的解决策略, 为业界的纸质气象档案数字化建设提供一种技术思路和有效的技术参考。     

中外气象台站历史沿革数据文件比较分析

着重介绍中外气象台站历史沿革数据文件的内容和格式,并将我国研究制定的《气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式》标准的基本内容与全球气候观测系统(GCOS)和美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)的台站沿革项目内容进行了比较和分析。我国的气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式和内容的选择充分参考了国外相关文件,既具有国际通用性,能够满足国际资料交换所需要的台站沿革信息,又具有业务实用性,能够满足气象数据分析和应用业务需求。     

青藏高原区域性积雪增量序列及其变化特征

利用青藏高原83个气象台站的逐日积雪观测资料,充分考虑每次降雪过程所引起的积雪变化,建立了该地区1960-2007年度的区域性积雪增量序列,并讨论了其长期变化特征.结果表明:(1)积雪增量序列具有其他积雪参数指标的代表性,又较其他积雪参数指标序列有明显的统计学优点.(2)在48个年度里,1960-1966年度青藏高原区域性积雪增量处于负位相,1967-1998年度为多雪的正位相,1999-2007年度又为少雪的负位相,其中1998年度是个具有显著性的突变点.     

Similarity quantification of soil parametric data and sites using confidence ellipses

This paper presents a confidence ellipse-based method to evaluate the similarity of soil parametric data using the database from the site investigation reports.Then,the obtained similarity assessment results of parametric data are used to further estimate the site similarity via two proposed strategies,namely the mean and weighted mean approaches.The former referred to the average of parametric data similarity degrees,while the latter was the weighted average,and the weight was calculated using the coefficient of variation(COV)of each parameter.For illustration,the liquidity index(LI)dataset was firstly used to explore the performance of the presented method in the evaluation of parametric data similarity.Subsequently,the site similarity was assessed and the effects of numbers and weights of selected parameters for study were systematically studied.Lastly,the transformation models about the relationships between Cc and x as well as between Cc and e0 were constructed to illustrate the application of the similarity analysis in reduction of transformation uncertainty.Results show that the greatest site similarity degree is at about 0.76 in this study,and the maximum decrease of transformation uncertainty can reach up to 18%and 25.5%as union parametric data similarity degree increases.Moreover,the site similarity degree represents the whole similarity between two different sites,and the presented union parameter similarity degree maintains a good agreement with transformation uncertainty.     

LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年实验流程的建立及其在滇西剑川正长岩锆石年代学中的应用

激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱(LA-ICP-MS)技术,能够快速、精确地测定矿物的同位素信息,是锆石U-Pb年代学最常用的定年方法之一.应急管理部国家自然灾害防治研究院同位素热年代学实验室利用RESOlution SE型193 nm准分子激光器和Agilent 7900型四级杆电感耦合等离子质谱仪联机,成功建立了锆石U-Pb原位定年方法.对91500、GJ-1、Ple?ovice、Qinghu和蓬莱5个标准锆石样品开展了详细的U-Pb定年研究,均获得了与国际推荐值在误差范围内一致的结果,表明本实验室建立的实验流程准确可靠,可以实现较老到较年轻锆石U-Pb年龄的精确测定.实验室运用新建立的方法对滇西剑川正长岩进行了锆石U-Pb年代学测试,结果表明该岩体形成于35.7±0.2 Ma,属晚始新世,与SIMS锆石U-Pb定年结果一致.研究发现剑川正长岩中存在晚三叠世-新元古代(220～860 Ma)的继承锆石,表明岩浆物质来源的多元性.综合前人研究,剑川正长岩是金沙江碱性岩带向青藏高原东南缘的延伸,可能形成于晚始新世高原隆升后岩石圈伸展的构造背景.     

基于ArcGIS的滑坡单体稳定性分析

滑坡体的稳定性分析对滑坡多发地域居民的人身安全、生产、生活乃至各种规划设计意义重大。以重庆奉节地区的猴子石为例,利用ArcGIS分析平台,采用Hovland三维模型计算出整个滑坡体的稳定性系数为1.428,大于1,表明猴子石滑坡体满足稳定性的要求,目前此滑坡体处于相对稳定状况。这一结论为滑坡的发生提供定量预防依据,也为本地域相关工程设计提供参考,所有的计算过程均是基于ArcGIS的平台完成的。将滑坡体各参数的计算公式与GIS强大的空间数据处理分析能力联系起来,为如何利用GIS技术更好地保障滑坡灾害防治工作拓宽了思路,在工程设计方面具有一定的参考价值。     

A susceptibility mapping model of earthquake-triggered slope geohazards based on geo-spatial data in mountainous regions

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a susceptibility mapping model of earthquake-trigged slope geohazards based on geo-spatial data in mountainous region. A rapid-response mapping model of slope geohazards triggered by earthquakes that can be widely applied in practice can be constructed by a simple method of weighted superposition of related accessible factors. Based on site investigations into geological disasters in Wenchuan County caused by the Wenchuan earthquake on 12 May 2008, the main influencing factors of the earthquake triggering slope geohazards were studied, including peak ground acceleration (PGA) and 6 geo-spatial data factors: distance from streams, distance from highway, slope gradient, slope position, normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) and micro-landforms. The order of the relative importance of each factor was determined by regression analysis, then the weight of each factor contributing to slope geohazards was calculated by using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The susceptibility mapping model of slope geohazards was derived from the map overlaying principle in ArcGIS platform, and finally, the results were re-classified to obtain the map concerning susceptibility areas of slope geohazards. The results, by comparing the geohazards points with the field survey, proved that over 63% geohazards points were located in high and very high susceptibility areas, while only about 14% geohazards points were located in very low and low susceptibility areas. The model showed a relative agreement between the points on the susceptibility mapping and onsite points of slope geohazards. Above all, predictions about the slope geohazards at meizoseismal areas of earthquakes occurring in mountainous regions can be based on geo-spatial data; so the model could be applied to study other areas which may be prone to the slope geohazards during the earthquakes.     

An optimal sample selection-based logistic regression model of slope physical resistance against rainfall-induced landslide

Natural Hazards - Due to the insufficient ability of the slope to resist deformation and frequent rainfall, geological disasters often occur on the mountain slopes, especially rainfall-induced...     

《气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式》标准设计

为适应气象数据管理现代化建设和数据共享服务的需要,实现气象台站历史沿革档案信息编报工作的规范化、业务化,依据世界气象组织(WMO)及国内、外有关气象台站历史沿革项目内容要求,研究制定了《气象台站历史沿革数据文件格式》标准。该标准总体上反映了台站变动方面的信息,具有一定的国际通用性,能够满足气象数据应用和国际资料交换所需要的台站沿革信息。