Water in India with reference to agriculture and population: some issues and patterns —dynamic approaches needed for development

In this paper an attempt is made to present some facets of status of water for agriculture and population in India. The issues are basic in nature which have been focused by scholars all over time and again. The materials are gathered from various sources to highlight and to consider a plea in the context of population-hydrological regions of the country to develop water potentials. Some characteristic mapping has also been conducted showing the main parameters of water utilization, need and spatial issues regarding consumptive use of water during agricultural operations as per the seasons prevalent in India. A relation is also established with the drought areas leading to assess the need for water. The human problems specially in relation to the safe drinking water is also projected in relation to distributional qualities with reference to natural regions by districts. The study does not claim a full assessment of the water issue due to paucity of statistics on water use, generation and potentials but it does indicate in many ways the geographical problems as an important study for further research by all concerned.     

新奥法是否存在？——新奥法的错误原理

根据其创始之一Ｌ．Ｍｕｌｌｅｒ的看法，新奥法是一种“思想体系”但事实表明，这种“思想体系”建立在两个根本性错误的基础之上，其一是关于新奥法的概念，即其定义是依据围岩作为承载结构部件这一原理而作出的，但通过进一步的观察表明，这一说法站不住脚，因为没有围岩的支承作用隧道的构筑是不可想象的，另一根本错误在于按新奥法理论的要求，能够根据Ｆｅｎｎｅｒ－Ｐａｃｈｅｒ围岩特征曲线对支护结构进行优化，由于Ｆｅｎｎ     

岩石压入硬度及其在坑探工程中的应用

为了探讨压入硬度与点载荷强度之间的关系及利用压人硬度预估冲击钻凿岩石可钻性的可能性，采用2种不同直径的压模，在39种岩石中进行了史氏压入硬度试验，同时还进行了不规则岩样的点载荷试验及风动凿岩机的钻速测定。     

An evaluation of marine bird population trends following the Exxon Valdez oil spill, Prince William Sound, Alaska

We examined post-spill trends (1989-1998) of marine bird populations in Prince William Sound (PWS) following the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS) to evaluate recovery of injured taxa. Two criteria were employed. First, we examined population trends of injured taxa only in the oiled area of PWS using regression models. Second, we examined population trends of injured taxa in the oiled area relative to the unoiled area using homogeneity of the slopes tests. We considered a population recovering if there was a positive trend using either criteria. We considered a population not recovering if there was no trend using either criteria or a negative trend in the oiled area. A significant negative trend in the oiled area relative to the unoiled area was considered a continuing and increasing effect. Most taxa for which injury was previously demonstrated were not recovering and some taxa showed evidence of increasing effects nine years after the oil spill. Four taxa (loons Gavia spp, Harlequin Duck Histrionicus histrionicus, Bufflehead Bucephala spp, and North-western Crow Corvus caurinus) showed weak to very weak evidence of recovery. None of these taxa showed positive trends in both winter and summer. Nine taxa (grebes Podiceps spp, cormorants Phalacrocorax spp, Black Oystercatcher Haematopus bachmani, Mew Gull Larus canus, Glaucous-winged Gull Larus glaucescens, terns Sterna spp, murres Uria spp, Pigeon Guillemot Cepphus columba, and murrelets Brachyramphus spp) showed no evidence of recovery during summer or winter. Four taxa (scoters Melanitta spp, mergansers Mergus spp, goldeneyes Bucephala spp, and Black-legged Kittiwaka Rissa tridactyla) showed evidence of continuing, increasing effects. We showed evidence of slow recovery, lack of recovery, and divergent population trends in many taxa which utilize shoreline and nearshore habitats where oil is likely to persist. Potential lingering spill effects and natural variability appear to be acting in concert in delaying recovery of many PWS bird populations.