渤海大型底栖动物丰度和生物量的研究

于 1997年 6月、1998年 9月和 1999年 4月 3个航次对渤海的大型底栖动物进行了定量研究。在研究海区共采到大型底栖动物 30 6种 ,其中甲壳动物 97种 ,环节动物 95种 ,软体动物 88种 ,棘皮动物 11种 ,其它动物共 15种。其总平均丰度和生物量分别为 2 5 76 ind./m2和4 4 .4 7g/m2。渤海大部海区的总平均生物量在过去十年中可能未发生大的变化。渤海含砂量相对高的生境有较高的动物丰度 ,而在水位较深的水域 ,由于有较高的初级生产量到达底部 ,从而支持着较高的大型底栖动物的生物量。渤海海峡口可能是渤海大型底栖动物生物量的高值区     

南麂列岛海洋自然保护区潮间带小型生物初步研究

20 0 1年 10月对浙江省南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区潮间带进行小型生物采样调查。大沙岙沙滩小型生物丰度较低 ,中潮带为 2 91.9ind· 10 cm-2 ,低潮带为 5 16.8ind· 10 cm-2 。线虫是最优势类群 ,线虫 /桡足类比分别为 3.2 7和 1.0 6,表明沙滩环境质量良好 ,未受到有机质污染。岩相潮间带有 4种大型底栖海藻。附植小型生物平均丰度为 36.1ind· g-1dw algae,桡足类为最优势类群。附植大型底栖动物丰度 4 4 .6ind· g-1dwt algae,大于小型生物丰度。     

渤海大型底栖动物次级生产力的初步研究

1998年 9月和 1999年 4月分别对渤海 2 0个站进行了大型底栖动物两个航次的调查取样。整个研究海域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为 6 .4 9g(AFDW) /(m2 · a) ,其中渤海海峡以东海域较高 ,为 12 .5 9g(AFDW) /(m2· a) ;渤海中部为 4 .4 6 g(AFDW) /(m2· a) ,渤海大型底栖动物年平均 P/B为 0 .82     

COMPARISONS OF CIRCULATION ANOMALIES BETWEEN THE DAILY PRECIPITATION EXTREME AND NON-EXTREME EVENTS IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER REACHES OF YANGTZE RIVER IN BOREAL SUMMER

Based on the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset and in situ meteorological observations of daily precipitation in boreal summer from 1979 to 2008, the features of circulation anomalies have been investigated using the composite analysis for the extreme events and non-extreme events of regional mean daily rainfall(RMDR) occurring over the midand lower- Yangtze valley(MLYV). The extreme RMDR(ERMDR) events are the events at and above the percentile99 in the rearranged time-series of the RMDR with ascending order of rainfall amount. The non-extreme RMDR events are those at the percentiles 90-85 and 80-75 separately. Our results suggest that the threshold value is 25 mm/day for the ERMDR at percentile 99. Precipitation at all the percentiles is found to occur more frequently in the Meiyu rainfall season in MLYV, and the ERMDR events have occurred with higher frequency since the 1990 s. For the percentiles-associated events, the MLYV is under the control of an anomalous cyclonic circulation in the mid- and lower- troposphere with vastly different anomalous circulation at higher levels. However, at both low and high levels, the ERMDR events-related anomalous circulation is stronger compared to that linked to the non-ERMDR events. The dominant sources of water vapor differ between the ERMDR and non-ERMDR events. During the ERMDR events plentiful water vapor is transported from the Bay of Bengal into the MLYV directly by divergence while there is distinctly increased water vapor from the South China Sea(SCS) in non-RMERMDR episodes. The diabatic heating rates < Q1>, < Q2> and< Q1>- < Q2> have their anomalous patterns and are consistent with each other for these percentiles but their strength decreases markedly with the drop of rainfall intensity. For the precipitation at percentiles 99 and 90-85, the sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) in the Pacific distribute positively(negatively) in the south(north), and are stronger when the ERMDR emerges, with little or no SSTA as the events at percentile 80-75 occur. Besides, these results suggest that the genesis of the ERMDR event is directly related to intense local circulation anomalies and the circulation anomalies over the Pacific and SCS in tropical to mid-latitudes, and probably linked with the Pacific SSTA closely while the non-ERMDR events are mainly associated with the anomalous circulation on a local basis. The findings here help understand and predict the happening of ERMDR events over the MLYV.     

近50a华东地区夏季极端降水事件的年代际变化

利用中国华东地区90站点1960--2009年夏季（6—8月）逐日降水资料,分析了近50a来华东地区各类极端降水事件的强度和发生频次的年代际变化。结果表明：华东地区极端降水事件年代际变化特征明显。近20a来,不论是极端降水事件的平均强度还是发生次数都要明显高于前30a;1990年代是极端事件多发且强度较强的年代;华东区域极端强降水过程事件的连续降水日数多在9d以下,而极端连续降水日数事件基本在9d以上;较之华东地区其他区域,福建地区存在更多的强度大、持续久的降水过程;华东地区最大极端降水量出现在江西北部与安徽南部的交界区域。极端降水事件频发带存在南北摆动的年代际变化,这一特征在极端日降水事件和极端强降水过程事件上表现得更为明显。同时,存在两个极端事件频发带,分别位于长江流域附近。在后3个年代,这两个频发带呈现出分一合一分的年代际变化特征。     

夏季长江中下游流域性极端日降水事件的环流异常特征及其与非极端事件的比较

利用1979—2008年夏季(6—8月)的NCEP/NCAR再分析逐日资料与中国743测站的逐日降水资料,对长江中下游地区流域性极端降水(99百分位,也称为极端强降水)、85～90百分位、75～80百分位降水事件进行合成分析,比较了不同百分位降水事件的环流异常特征。结果表明:长江中下游地区流域性极端日降水量的99百分位阈值为25 mm/d。各类降水事件在梅雨汛期出现频率较高。1990年代以后的极端日降水事件明显偏多。在各百分位降水事件中,在对流层中、低层,长江中下游地区均受气旋性异常环流控制,但对流层高层异常环流特征明显不同。无论在低层还是高层,极端事件的异常环流比非极端事件的异常环流强。不同百分位降水事件的水汽主要来源亦有所不同。极端降水事件中,由孟加拉湾直接辐散至长江流域的水汽较强,而在非极端降水事件中,则是来自南海地区的水汽明显偏强。非绝热加热率、与-的异常分布在各百分位降水事件中的分布较为一致,但强度随降水强度的减小而明显减小。另外,极端日降水事件与85～90百分位的降水事件在太平洋上都存在着北负南正的海温分布,但极端降水事件相应的海温异常明显偏强。而在75～80百分位降水事件中,海温并未出现明显异常。说明极端日降水事件的形成与较强的局地环流异常、与中纬度和热带西太平洋-南海区域的环流异常直接相关,与太平洋海温异常存在可能的密切联系,而非极端事件则主要与局地性异常环流有关。这些结果有利于人们认识和预测极端日降水事件的发生。     

脱贫攻坚背景下气象精准减灾的作用、需求与努力方向

党的十八大以来,党中央突出强调了脱贫攻坚的重要性,其中突出强调了精准扶贫。根据宝鸡扶贫开发重点县和片区县的实际情况,深入分析了气象精准减灾在精准扶贫中的作用、需求与努力方向。指出气象精准减灾要在提升防雹减灾作业能力、完善气象灾害监测预警网络、精准助力产业扶贫等三个方面强化能力,才能助力脱贫攻坚。     

鳞侧石鳖属(Leptochiton)一物种在西太平洋雅普海沟分布的新记录

蛟龙号载人潜水器在位于雅普海沟北部6 745 m深处的底栖沉积环境中采集到两只石鳖样本，这是石鳖物种分布于此的新记录。形态学和DNA分子标记均支持两只石鳖为鳞侧石鳖属（Leptochiton）同一物种。该种在形态上与L.vanbellei和L.deforgesi接近；在系统发生方面，与L.vanbellei，L.deforgesi和L.boucheti的亲缘关系密切。这是截至目前世界石鳖分布报道的第三深度记录。     

2021年陕西极端秋雨事件环流特征及成因

利用国家气候中心提供的88项环流指数资料、 陕西省101个气象站逐日降水资料、NCEP/NCAR 25°×25°逐日再分析资料,分析了2021年陕西极端秋雨期间的大气环流特征及成因,结果表明：持续受冷暖气流共同影响,陕西出现了长达52 d的秋雨事件,秋雨出现早、结束晚,呈现自北向南增多的空间分布特征,较气候态降水量异常偏大;500 hPa高度场距平在中高纬“东高西低”的环流分布形态和巴尔喀什湖到贝加尔湖地区的显著负异常区,有利于引导高空槽底部分裂冷空气南下;低纬度异常偏强、偏西、偏大的副热带高压有利于外围暖湿气流向西北地区东部输送水汽和能量;850 hPa风场上东北地区东部存在的异常反气旋环流引导偏东路径的冷湿气流与来自孟加拉湾、南海及西北太平洋的充沛暖湿气流在西北地区形成水汽汇,造成陕西降水偏多;陕西持续位于40°N的高空急流入口区南侧,具备高空辐散、低层辐合的有利动力条件;稳定维持在105°E～110°E的θse能量锋区,多次受弱冷空气侵入,是导致秋雨中出现暴雨的主要原因。     

Anomalous circulation patterns in association with two types of daily precipitation extremes over southeastern China during boreal summer

Based on the daily rainfall data from China Meteorological Administration, the tropical cyclone (TC) best track data from Japan Meteorological Agency, and the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data from NOAA, regional mean daily precipitation extreme (RDPE) events over southeastern China (specifically, the Fujian-Jiangxi region (FJR)) and the associated circulation anomalies are investigated. For the summers of 1979–2011, a total of 105 RDPE events are identified, among which 35 are TC-influenced (TCIn-RDPE) and 70 are TC-free events (TCFr-RDPE). Distinct differences between these two types of RDPEs are found in both their statistical features and the related circulation patterns. TCFr-RDPEs usually occur in June, while TCIn-RDPEs mainly take place during July–August. When TCFr-RDPEs happen, a center of the anomalous cyclonic circulation is observed over the FJR, with an anomalous anticyclonic circulation to the south of this region. The warm/moist air flows from the South China Sea (SCS) and western Pacific meet with colder air from the north, forming a narrow convergent belt of water vapor over the FJR. Simultaneously, positive diabatic forcing anomalies are observed over the FJR, whereas negative anomalies appear over both its south and north sides, facilitating the formation and maintenance of the cyclonic circulation anomaly, as well as the upward motion of the atmosphere, over the FJR. When TCIn-RDPEs occur, southeastern China is dominated by a TC-related stronger anomalous cyclonic circulation. An anomalous anticyclonic circulation in the mid and high latitudes north of the FJR exists in the mid and upper troposphere, opposite to the situation during TCFr-RDPE events. Abundant warm/wet air is carried into the FJR from both the Indian Ocean and the SCS, leading to a large amount of latent heat release over the FJR and inducing strong ascending motion there. Furthermore, large differences are also found in the manifestation of Rossby wave energy propagation between these two types of RDPE events. The results of this study are helpful to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms behind these two types of RDPE events.