辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物群落次级生产力初探

为了解辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物次级生产力的情况,于2009年5、8、10和12月分4个航次在辽东湾西部海域15个站位采集大型底栖动物样品,并用2种Brey的经验公式对大型底栖动物次级生产力进行了研究计算。该调查海域共发现大型底栖动物188种,其中多毛类81种,甲壳类70种,软体动物29种,棘皮动物4种,其他动物4种。研究海域大型底栖动物年平均丰度为1 943.28ind/m2,年平均生物量(去灰分干重,AFDW)为2.95g/m2。Brey模型估算研究海域年平均次级生产力(AFDW)为3.82g/(m2·a),P/B值为1.30;Brey模型估算研究海域年平均次级生产力(AFDW)为4.17g/(m2·a),P/B值为1.41。结果表明,辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物年平均次级生产力呈由西部近岸区域向东部远岸区域逐级递增的趋势,通过与其他海域次级生产力比较,发现辽东湾西部次级生产力高于东海和长江口而低于渤海和厦门海域。     

渤海小型底栖动物生物量的初步研究

主要以线虫、桡足类、双壳类、多毛类和动吻5个类群对渤海小型底栖动物的生物量进行了估算,并对其水平分布进行了研究.结果表明,3个航次平均,渤海小型底栖动物年生物量为(干重)0.404g/(m2·a);1998年9～10月和1999年4～5月2个航次中小型底栖动物生物量的水平分布主要表现为渤海中东部和海峡口站位的生物量明显高于其他站位,但在1999年航次,海峡口靠近海岸的站位生物量下降,位于莱洲湾B1站位生物量明显上升.依据小型底栖动物的年生产力P=9B,估算渤海小型底栖动物的年平均生产力为(干重)3.636g/(m2·a).还对渤海小型底栖动物生物量与世界其他海域的进行了比较,认为渤海小型底栖动物生物量的数值与其他海域生物量的数值接近,但略偏低.就不同学者研究所得的线虫平均个体干重进行了比较研究.     

长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的初步研究

为了解长江口及邻近海域大型底栖动物生物量、丰度和次级生产力的分布情况于2004年2月、5月、8月和11月共4个航次分别在长江口40个观测站采集大型底栖动物定量样品并利用Brey的经验公式对大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值进行了研究计算.该调查海域共采到大型底栖动物202种,其中多毛类102种,软体动物51种,甲壳类27种,棘皮动物7种,其它动物15种.大型底栖动物年平均丰度为394.7 ind/m2;年平均生物量以去灰分干重计,为2.58 g(AFDW)/m2;年平均次级生产力以去灰分干重计,为3.52 g(AFDW)/(m2*a);P/B值平均为1.53.结果表明,长江口大型底栖动物次级生产力自长江入海口向东呈递增趋势.本文分析了长江口及其邻近海域大型底栖动物优势种的组成,主要生态类群的分布特征和次级生产力分布格局与生态环境的关系.通过比较,发现长江口大型底栖动物优势种发生了较大的变化;次级生产力高于东海而低于渤海和胶州湾;P/B值高于南黄海、胶州湾和渤海,也说明了长江口大型底栖动物群落中个体小、生活史短,代谢快的种类所占的比例高于以上海域.     

乳山湾内外大型底栖动物群落次级生产力初步研究

为了解乳山湾大型底栖动物的次级生产力,合理利用乳山湾生物资源,于2011年5和10月分别对乳山湾内外21个站进行了大型底栖动物的调查取样,用2种Brey模型估算了该海域大型底栖动物的年平均次级生产力、P/B值和各类群次级生产力所占百分比,并分析了该海域大型底栖动物生产力的空间分布。结果显示:该海域共发现大型底栖动物161种,大型底栖动物的年平均丰度为2 607.14ind/m~2,年平均生物量为266.37g AFDW·m~(-2);运用Brey(1990)经验模型估算的该海域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为26.43g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),P/B值为1.81;运用Brey(1990)改进模型估算的大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值为11.06g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),其中湾内东流区最高为42.34g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1);湾内西流区较低,为3.17g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),湾外区域最低,为1.33g AFDW·m~(-2)·a~(-1),该海域大型底栖动物年平均P/B值为1.55;通过对2个模型的对比,建议对大型底栖动物进行次级生产力估算时选用Brey(1990)改进模型;通过与其他海域次级生产力比较,发现乳山湾内外大型底栖动物次级生产力低于胶州湾西部海域,高于桑沟湾和深沪湾。     

胶州湾大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量和生产量研究

为了研究胶州湾大型底栖动物的丰度、生物量和生产量,于2002年3月、6月、8月和12月,在胶州湾北部软底区、大沽河口、黄岛养殖区及养殖区邻域选取4个站位进行采样,对大型底栖动物进行了定量研究。共采到大型底栖动物138种,总平均丰度、平均生物量(湿质量)和年生产量(有机碳)分别为1 719个/m2,27 g/m2,2.2 g/(m2.a),初步估算,胶州湾大型底栖动物的总次级生产量为2.8万t/a。与渤海和南黄海大型底栖动物的丰度和生物量比较,丰度和生物量均低于这两个海域,但是胶州湾大型底栖动物的总次级生产量高于渤海。本研究对于了解胶州湾大型底栖动物现状及湾内养殖对大型底栖动物的影响具有重要的意义。     

深圳湾北岸泥滩大型底栖动物次级生产力研究

根据2005年3、6、9月和12月在深圳湾北岸泥滩9个取样站采集的大型底栖动物4个季度的定量样品,运用Brey(1990)的经验公式进行了大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算.整个研究区域大型底栖动物年次级生产力平均值(去灰干重)为54.55g/(m2.a),其中观鸟屋附近泥滩(A断面)较高,为68.85g/(m2.a),凤塘河口附近泥滩(H断面)为50.62g/(m2.a)次之,沙嘴码头附近泥滩(F断面)较低,为44.18g/(m2.a),深圳湾北岸泥滩大型底栖动物年平均P/B为2.95.可见,大型底栖动物次级生产力越靠近深圳河河口越低,这与越靠近深圳河河口,大型底栖动物个体越小、生活史更短的结果是一致的.     

胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力初探

根据1998—1999和2000—2004年在胶州湾10个大面观测站考察采集的大型底栖动物定量样品,利用Brey(1990)的经验公式进行了大型底栖动物栖息丰度、生物量、次级生产力和P/B值的研究计算,其中,平均栖息丰度在1998—1999年为381.7ind/m2,2000—2004年为304.6ind/m2;平均生物量以去灰干重计,1998—1999年为22.22g/m2,2000—2004年为16.30g/m2;平均次级生产力以去灰干重计,1998—1999年为18.65 g/(m2.a),2000—2004年为3.41g/(m2.a);P/B值在两个时间段均为1.05a-1。结果表明,胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力由湾口—湾北部的湾顶呈梯度升高,2000—2004年次级生产力较1998—1999年有所下降,湾顶的高分布区下降更为明显,且高分布中心向西偏移,而大型底栖动物群落的物种组成基本保持稳定。文中分析了次级生产力下降和偏移的原因。通过比较,发现胶州湾大型底栖动物次级生产力高于渤海,远高于南黄海和东海,验证了次级生产力受水深的影响,随水深加大而降低;P/B值较渤海高,较东海低,与南黄海大部分海域平均值接近,验证了P/B值随水温升高而升高,也说明了胶州湾大型底栖动物群落中个体小、生活史短、代谢快的种类所占的比例高于渤海,低于东海,与南黄海其它水域近似。     

福建闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力时空特征

为研究福建省闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物次级生产力的时空变化,于2014年11月—2015年8月对闽江口大型底栖动物进行了4个季度的调查研究。在获得3条断面大型底栖动物物种数、密度和生物量的基础上,利用Brey经验公式计算年平均次级生产力(P)。研究结果显示:闽江口4个季度共获得大型底栖动物63种,其中优势类群为多毛类。闽江口潮间带大型底栖动物年均次级生产力为6.13 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1(AFDW,去灰分干重,ash-free dry weight)。在季节分布上,次级生产力最高值出现在夏季,为11.04 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1,最低值出现在冬季,为2.25 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1;在空间分布上,次级生产力最高值出现在P03断面,为10.23 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1,最低值出现在P01断面,为2.54 g (AFDW)·m-2·a-1。大型底栖动物年均P/B值(B=Biomass,生物量)为2.31 a-1,最高值出现在春季,为3.17 a-1,最低值出现在夏季,为1.74 a-1;且P02断面的P/B值高于其他2条断面。Pearson相关分析结果表明,次级生产力与温度呈显著正相关,P/B值与盐度呈显著正相关但与p H呈显著负相关。因此,环境因子在一定程度上影响着该区域大型底栖动物的次级生产力。闽江口大型底栖动物群落组成中以个体小、生活史短、繁殖快的小型甲壳类蜾蠃蜚(Corophium sp.)为主,使该潮间带区域的P/B值高于其他临近潮间带区域的调查结果。     

北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物数量分布和季节变化

根据2009年8月至2010年6月4个季度月(夏、秋、冬、春季),对位于北黄海獐子岛附近海域所设的13个站进行的大型底栖动物生态调查所获得的资料,对该海域大型底栖动物的种数、密度和生物量的组成及季节变化进行分析研究,采用Shannon-Wiener指数(H’)、物种丰富度指数(D)和物种均匀度指数(J)分析该该海域大型底栖动物的物种多样性;并研究了该海域的次级生产力和P/B值的空间分布和季节变化。结果表明,北黄海獐子岛附近海域大型底栖动物全年总种数、年平均栖息密度和年平均生物量分别为211种、699.415个/m2和98.927 g/m2。各季度的种数(S)、平均密度D (个/m2)和平均生物量B (g/m2)的季节变化分别为: S春季(121)＞S秋季(118)＞S冬季(89)＞S夏季(87),D春季(794.58)＞D秋季(766.92)＞D夏季(674.62)＞D冬季(561.54),B春季(180.271)＞B夏季(107.121)＞B秋季(70.824)＞B冬季(37.493)。全年物种多样性指数H’值、物种丰富度指数D值和物种均匀度指数J值分别为2.976、4.135和0.707,该海域大型底栖动物的夏季、秋季和春节平均密度季节变化不明显,但冬季明显较少。而平均生物量和种数的季节变化比较明显,春季较高,冬季较低。该海域的平均次级生产力为15.335g(AFDW)/(m2.a),相对较高。P/B值的平均值为1.239。     

春季辽东湾西部海域大型底栖动物生态学研究

于2009年5月对辽东湾西部海域进行了4条断面12个站位的大型底栖动物调查。调查海域共出现大型底栖动物78种,其中多毛类37种、甲壳类24种、软体动物13种、棘皮动物2种和其他类2种(分别是腔肠动物、纽形动物)。调查海域大型底栖动物总平均丰度为1675.8ind./m2,总平均生物量为21.366g/m2。该海域大型底栖动物群落按40%相似性程度可划分为4个。调查海域大型底栖动物群落整体正常,个别站位群落受到轻度扰动。     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Net Sand Transport Direction in a Tidal Inlet, using Foraminiferal Tests as Natural Tracers

The relationship between the flux of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests (i.e. tests which are supplied from open-sea sources alone) in a tidal inlet and that of bulk sediment was analysed, which can be expressed as two first-order linear equations. According to this relationship, in order to determine net sediment transport directions in the entrance, the test concentration in surficial sediments of the tidal basin can be compared against a ‘ critical level ’. The critical level is determined for the conditions that no net transport of bulk sediment is present within the entrance. If the observed concentration (averaged over the tidal basin) is higher than the simulated critical level, then the net sediment transport is directed to landward. This method is applied to the analysis of net sand transport at Christchurch Harbour, a tidal inlet system located in southern England. In this investigation, concentrations of exotic foraminiferal tests in the surficial sediments of the tidal basin and ebb tidal delta area were obtained from the analysis of sea-bed sediment samples. A series of probable critical levels were calculated based upon the data sets with regard to: (1) sediment discharge from the rivers; (2) magnitude of sediment discharge within the entrance during the ebb; (3) the test concentration outside the harbour; (4) the thickness of the moving layer; and (5) two parameters associated with dispersive processes. The results show that the concentration in the tidal basin sediment is higher than a number of simulated critical concentrations for representative cases. Consequently, the high level of the concentration of exotic benthic foraminiferal tests within the harbour should be explained as a result of landward net transport of sands within the entrance.     

Dynamic behaviour of axially pre-loaded tubular steel members of offshore structures subjected to impact damage

The behaviour of an axially pre-loaded cylindrical member of an offshore structure, hit by a supply ship, has been investigated. The effects of axial pre-loading on the dynamic properties of members, the extent of damage and propagation of dynamic instability in the tubular members have also been investigated. Numerical models have been validated using available experimental data from the literature although these are mostly static with no pre-loading. Axial pre-loading was found to change the dynamic characteristics of some cylindrical members quite dramatically while it had no significant effect on others. The study examined whether there was any change in the behaviour between local and global modes when the loading was dynamic rather than static. The effect of damping on the dynamic instability of axially pre-loaded tubes under lateral dynamic loads was also studied. It was observed that for some geometries the quasi-static response can be used to define the boundary between bounded and unbounded dynamic responses. The main contribution of this study, compared with previous investigations reported in the literature, is that both pre-loading and dynamic effects have been included.     

Assessment of Impact on Seafloor Features in INDEX Area

Observations on seafloor features from subbottom profiling and seabed photography data show that the undisturbed and natural conditions before the benthic disturbance undergo a substantial change after operation of the disturber. The effects can be seen in the form of deep trenches and grooves, formed by the action of the sleds and the pumping of the sediment along its path, as well as sediment piles on either side of the track. Biological traces such as fecal coils, casts, tubes, burrows, and trails get obliterated in the areas of disturbance and resedimentation. The smooth, uniform nature of the seafloor observed in predisturbance phase shows microtopographic changes in and around the disturbed area as a result of sediment excavation and resettlement. Vertical mixing as well as lateral transport of sediment alter the geological, biological, physical, and chemical conditions on the seafloor, which need to be monitored over time to assess the process and the time taken for restoration of environmental conditions.     

Regional Commercial Sponge Extinctions in the West Indies: Are Recent Climatic Changes Responsible?

Abstract. Long-term changes in the distributional patterns of commercial sponges ( Spongia spp. and Hippospongia spp.) within the West Indian Region indicates that: 1) commercial sponges had a widespread distribution throughout the whole West Indian Region and were ubiquitous in very shallow water until about the first half of the present century; 2) they were fished commercially not only in the traditional northern Caribbean sites (Florida, Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas) but also in the Greater ( e. g. , Hispaniola, Jamaica) and Lesser Antilles; and 3) they became extinct throughout most of the Lesser Antilles ( e. g. , Puerto Rico, Vieques, St. Thomas) sometime during the first half of this century. Mortalities of spongiids within the Antilles were found to differ from other marine mortalities in that: 1) species disappeared from a large region; 2) species vanished from different habitats and depths; and 3) natural populations never recovered. Species richness patterns suggest that commercial sponge genera ( Spongia and Hippospongia ) evolved under slightly cooler elimatic conditions than those found at present, and that these extinctions occurred as a direct or indirect effect of positive thermal anomalies in sea surface and atmospheric temperatures between 1900–1950. The concept that species diversity is stable on a regional scale is questioned.