热带对流层顶温度异常与低平流层水汽异常“不匹配”个例的分析

利用UARS卫星卤素掩星试验(HALOE)的观测资料结合同时期的ERA-Interim再分析资料分析了1994—2005年热带对流层顶温度异常与低平流层水汽异常的关系。结果表明,1994—2005年期间大部分年份都是热带对流层顶温度异常偏高(偏低)对应平流层水汽异常增加(减小)的温度-水汽的"匹配"现象,但是在1996年则出现了温度-水汽的"不匹配"现象。对比同年中所出现的"不匹配"月份与"匹配"月份,"不匹配"月份的对流活动发生频率低于"匹配"月份,对流活动月平均强度弱于后者,但"不匹配"月份的对流活动瞬时强度较大,在四个时段内发生了强而深厚的深对流活动,地面气旋活动与海温升高则是造成这四个时段发生强深对流活动的主要因素。在较强上升气流的作用下,水汽能够从对流层低层直接传输至低平流层,使平流层水汽增加。另一方面,较强的深对流活动抬升对流层顶,使对流层顶温度降低。因而,短时强烈的深对流活动是造成1996年温度-水汽"不匹配"的关键因素。此外,"不匹配"月份期间BD环流的异常增强使得低平流层的水汽更进一步增加,加剧了温度-水汽的"不匹配"现象。     

CMIP6模式大气中南北半球际涛动的季节循环

利用1958—2014年47个CMIP6模式输出资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了模式大气中南北涛动(InterHemispheric Oscillation,IHO)的季节变化特征,且评估了CMIP6对IHO季节特征的模拟能力。结果表明:47个CMIP6模式都能模拟出IHO的季节演变特征,但模式间存在一定差异。通过比较,筛选出模拟IHO季节循环较好的16个模式,它们能成功模拟出半球大气质量的时间演变和空间结构。进一步分析表明,水汽对IHO季节变化有抵消作用且半球内部水汽质量变化可驱动越赤道质量流的产生;地表净短波辐射夏高冬低,其加热造成的水汽蒸发在水汽质量变化中起到重要作用;地表净长波辐射在春秋变化幅度较大,与大气质量逐月变化吻合。对比再分析资料表明,CMIP6模式模拟的半球大气质量的峰谷值变化有明显的月份偏差,且CMIP6模式模拟的地表气压异常值的偏差主要出现在北太平洋、欧亚大陆、南半球中纬度地区和两极极区,模拟的南北半球的蒸发和降水量、赤道风场、地表净长波和短波辐射通量等均存在明显的偏差。     

A CASE STUDY OF THE UNCORRELATED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TROPICAL TROPOPAUSE TEMPERATURE ANOMALIES AND STRATOSPHERIC WATER VAPOR ANOMALIES

Using the measurements from the Halogen Occultation Experiment(HALOE) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF) Interim reanalysis data for the period 1994-2005, we analyzed the relationship between tropical tropopause temperature anomalies and stratospheric water vapor anomalies. It is found that tropical tropopause temperature is correlated with stratospheric water vapor, i.e., an anomalously high(low) tropical tropopause temperature corresponds to anomalously high(low) stratospheric water vapor during the period 1994-2005,except for 1996. The occurrence frequency and strength of deep convective activity during the‘mismatched'months is less and weaker than that during the‘matched'months in 1996. However, the instantaneous intensity of four short periods of deep convective activity, caused by strong surface cyclones and high sea surface temperatures, are greater during the ‘mismatched'months than during the ‘matched'months. Water vapor is transported from the lower troposphere to the lower stratosphere through a strong tropical upwelling, leading to an increase in stratospheric water vapor. On the other hand, deep convective activity can lift the tropopause and cool its temperature. In short, the key factor responsible for the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor in1996 is the instantaneous strong deep convective activity. In addition, an anomalously strong Brewer-Dobson circulation brings more water vapor into the stratosphere during the‘mismatched'months in 1996, and this exacerbates the poor correlation between tropical tropopause temperature and stratospheric water vapor.