前秋雪盖和海温异常对2008年1月南方低温雨雪天气的影响

对1973—2008年1月全国160站的温度和降水资料进行联合EOF分析发现,2008年1月低温雨雪天气与第一模态和第三模态有关,两个模态组合能够解释2008年1月南方地区温度和降水异常的90%以上。与第一模态相关的环流场主要反映了西伯利亚高压偏强且位置偏西,其与前秋中亚-蒙古以北的雪盖面积异常偏大以及北太平洋冷海温异常与关。与第三模态相关环流场则主要反映了副热带高压的增强和南支槽的加深,前秋印度洋暖海温异常有利于次年1月副热带高压增强,而前秋北大西洋和黑潮延伸区暖海温异常与次年1月南支槽的加深有关。      

A QUANTITATIVE STUDY FOR ABNORMAL FREEZING RAINS AND SNOWSTORMS IN SOUTHERN CHINA IN EARLY 2008

A quantitative diagnosis is carried out for the upward branch of a local meridional circulation over southern China(SC) during the abnormal snowstorms with severe freezing rain from 10 January to 3 February 2008.The diagnostic study shows that the upward branch is mainly associated with the zonal advection of westerly momentum and meridional temperature advection instead of the latent heating(which is commonly the dominant factor in many other storm cases).The corresponding weather analyses indicate that(1) the zonal advection of westerly momentum represents the effect of the upper-level divergence on the anticyclone-shear side in the entrance of a 200 hPa westerly jet with a westward deviation from its climatological location over southwestern Japan;(2) the meridional temperature advection represents the interaction between the mid-lower layer(850 to 400 hPa) warm advection over SC(ahead of temperature and pressure troughs with the latter trough deeper than the former in the Bay of Bengal) and cold advection over north China(steered by an underlying flow at 500 hPa);(3) the relatively weak vapor transport(compared to that of spring,summer and autumn) from the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea to SC and the existence of a temperature inversion layer in the lower troposphere over SC diminish the effect of latent heating.With the significant increase of vapor transport after 24 January,the role of latent heating is upgraded to become the third positive contributor to the upward branch over SC.     

定量诊断2008年初南方罕见冰冻雨雪天气

根据NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和每三小时一次的TRMM 3B42降水资料,利用改进后的局地经向环流线性诊断模式(不用地转风近似而用旋转风估算水平环流经向分量),定量分析了2008年初我国南方地区局地经向环流的垂直分量(-ωMC)的演变情况.结果表明:当我国南方地区发生强降水时,局地经向环流的强上升支气流((-ωM...     

粗粒料接触面模型及其在土石坝工程中的应用

在土石坝工程中越来越重视岸坡与坝料之间的接触特性,将土体本构模型中使用较多的双曲线型硬化规律运用至接触面模型,提出了一个简洁的接触面本构模型,推导了接触面模型刚度矩阵表达式。通过对4组试验的预测结果与试验结果的对比,表明该模型可以较好地预测粗粒料的界面剪切试验。将提出的接触面模型嵌入有限元程序,应用于如美心墙坝河谷与坝料的接触分析。三维有限元计算结果表明：坝体两侧岸坡的剪切位移变化规律都是中间部分剪切滑移量较大,岸坡边缘部分相对较小,陡坡一侧最大滑移量大于较缓一侧。这些均符合粗粒料滑移的基本规律,可为岸坡?坝料接触特性研究以及土石坝工程计算提供参考。     

The potential impacts of warmer-continent-related lower-layer equatorial westerly wind on tropical cyclone initiation

Global climate models predict that the increasing Amazonian-deforestation rates cause rising tempera- tures (increases of 1.8℃ to 8℃ under different conditions) and Amazonian drying over the 21st century. Observations in the 20th century also show that over the warmer continent and the nearby western South At- lantic Ocean, the lower-layer equatorial westerly wind (LLEWW) strengthens with the initiation of tropical cyclones (TCs). The warmer-continent-related LLEWW can result from the Coriolis-force-induced deflection of the cross-equatorial flow (similar to the well-known heat-island effect on sea breeze) driven by the enhanced land-sea contrast between the warmer urbanized continents and relatively cold oceans. This study focuses on the processes relating the warmer-continent-related LLEWW to the TC initiation and demonstrates that the LLEWW embedded in trade easterlies can directly initiate TCs by creating cyclonic wind shears and forming the intertropical convergence zone. In addition to this direct effect, the LLEWW combined with the rotating Earth can boost additional updraft vapor over the high sea-surface temperature region (factor 1), facilitating a surface-to-midtroposphere moist layer (factor 2) and convective instability (factor 3) followed by diabatic processes. According to previous studies, the diabatic heating in a finite equatorial region also activates TCs (factor 4) on each side of the Equator with weak vertical shear (factor 5). Factors 1-5 are favorable conditions for the initiation of severe TCs. Statistical analyses show that the earliest signal of sustained LLEWW not only leads the earliest signal of sustained tropical depression by >3 days but also explains a higher percentage of total variance.     

2011年梅雨期长江中下游地区两次暴雨过程数值模拟对比分析

基于WRF数值预报模式,对2011年梅雨期6月9—10日和14—15日长江中下游地区两次暴雨过程(分别简称"6·10"过程和"6·14"过程)进行数值模拟,重点对比分析了暴雨期间西南涡的活动与高低空急流耦合配置之间的关系。结果表明:1)西南涡的活动和高低空急流耦合配置与暴雨活动关系密切,是造成两次暴雨过程范围和强度差异的重要因素。2)"6·10"过程中,一个浅薄的西南涡系统受青藏高原浅槽东移北缩减弱影响,向东北方向移动,同时西南低空急流位置偏北,导致暴雨区位置偏北;"6·14"过程中,一个深厚的西南涡系统受高空浅槽东移发展加深影响,沿长江缓慢东移,伴随西南低空急流位置偏南,降水缓慢向东移动,导致暴雨区位置偏南。3)两次过程的强降水中心均位于高低空急流耦合区,"6·10"过程中,在长江中下游地区形成的高低空急流耦合区范围偏小且强度偏弱,因此辐合上升运动偏弱,不利于形成大范围的强降水;"6·14"过程中,在长江下游地区形成大范围高低空急流耦合的环流形势,强烈的辐合上升运动配合充足的水汽供应,最终形成大范围强降水。     

扬州经济开发区三维演示系统研制

提出建立城市三维演示系统的一套技术流程,并针对其中的主要环节提出了可行的优化解决方案。该流程从房产数据、国土数据和规划数据等基本数据出发,利用数据分层存储的特性抽取有关建筑物、道路、水系及地形的空间数据和属性数据,并与实际采集的纹理数据结合起来,生成高分辨率城市三维演示数据。以此为基础建立城市三维演示模型。并利用VisualC 6．0和Open GL开发了三维演示模块。实现城市三维数据的逼真演示。在该流程的支持下,建立了扬州经济开发区三维演示系统,验证了技术的可行性和有效性。     

A numerical diagnosis of leading signals facilitating a “north-ridge south-trough” dipole for the early-2008 south-China freezing-rain events

Previous studies emphasize the important role of a "north-ridge versus south-trough" dipole (affecting the latitudes from 20° to 75° N around the Tibetan Plateau) of anomalous geopotential height ( Z ) in the early-2008 abnormal cryogenic freezing-rain-and-snow events in the southern part of China. The present study intends to extract the leading signal facilitating the dipole based on the numerical outputs of a full Z-linear model for diagnosing the global Z . Using this model built on full primitive equations in spherical-isobaric coordinates, we can further split the anomaly of Z-Zfζ-uβ (representing the Z component not explicitly associated with the Coriolis parameter f and its meridional derivative β ) into 15 components. With the model-output Zfζ-uβ (mainly accounting for the dipole under the geostrophic balance) and Z-Zfζ-uβ matrices as the left and right singular vectors respectively, a maximum covariance analysis (MCA) is performed to extract the significant 2-4-day leading signal carried by the MCA Z-Zfζ-uβ mode in the upstream area of the dipole. This leading signal is mainly attributed to 1) the abnormally strong westerlies centered around the exit region of the Atlantic jet-stream and 2) the corresponding anomalous 950-300 hPa anticyclone to the south of the abnormally strong center of westerlies. The energy of the positive wave center around this jet exit region favors the downstream north-ridge while the energy of the negative wave center associated with the anomalous anticyclone favors the downstream south-trough.     

共振光猝灭法测定环境水样中痕量硒

在阿拉伯树胶(AG)存在下,0.14 mol/L硫酸介质中,硒(Ⅳ)与过量的I-反应生成I3-,加入乙酸钠后I3-与亚甲基蓝反应成离子缔合物,在波长288 nm处共振光猝灭,建立了共振光散射法测定痕量硒的方法.确定了碘化钾、亚甲基蓝、乙酸钠和增溶剂阿拉伯树胶溶液的浓度,在室温(20～30℃)下反应15 min,提高了体...     

Hg~(2+)-碘化物-番红花红T缔合体系褪色光度法测定微量汞

在0.01 mol/L硫酸介质中,Hg2+与过量I-和番红花红T(ST)反应生成稳定的离子缔合物[ST]2[HgI4],使ST褪色,据此建立了褪色光度法测定微量汞的方法。最大褪色波长为519 nm,体系的褪色程度与Hg2+浓度在0~1.35μg/mL内呈线性关系,表观摩尔吸光系数为1.24×105L/(mol.cm),检出限为2.26μg/L。采用巯基棉富集分离,测定河水中的微量汞,方法相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)为1.2%~1.7%,回收率为98.3%~102.6%。