再论各向异性介质转换波地震学,第一部分:理论

我们业已研发了计算各向异性、非均质介质中P- SV转换波(C-波)的转换点和旅行时的新理论。据此 可以利用诸如相似性分析、迪克斯模型建模、克契 霍夫求和等常规方法来完成各向异性的处理和各向 异性处理,并使各向异性的处理成为可能。这里将 我们的新发展分作两部分来介绍。第一部分为理 论,第二部分为对速度分析和参数计算的应用。第 一部分理论包括转换点的计算和动校正的分析。     

极性转换期间地球磁场形态学研究

本文对采自中国黄土高原西峰（35.7°N,107.6°E）和段家坡（34.2°N,109.2°E）两个剖面中黄土层L8和古土壤层S8的1281块定向古地磁样品做了详细的岩石磁学和古地磁学研究.证实了Matuyama-Brunhes（M-B）极性转换带位于L8的中下部.提出了下列观点:1.M-B极性转换过程与地球磁场方向变化相联系的持续时间为3600-4500a,而与地球磁场强度变化相联系的持续时间则为8000-9000a,即强度变化存在“超前和滞后” 效应;2.M-B转换场的形态是由三次快速倒转和一次不成功的倒转构成,或者说,转换场具有快速变换极性的振荡特征;3.M-B转换过程中地球磁场并不是以轴对称的非偶极子场为主,而是偶极子场至少与非偶极子场相当;4.中国黄土-古土壤沉积物所含磁性矿物的主要成分是磁铁矿,它是研究极性转换期间地球磁场详细结构的良好物质.     

Landslide Research at the British Geological Survey:Capture,Storage and Interpretation on a National and Site-Specific Scale

Abstract: Landslide research at the British Geological Survey (BGS) is carried out through a number of activities, including surveying, database development and real-time monitoring of landslides. Landslide mapping across the UK has been carried out since BGS started geological mapping in 1835. Today, BGS geologists use a combination of remote sensing and ground-based investigations to survey landslides. The development of waterproof tablet computers (BGS·SIGMAmobile), with inbuilt GPS and GIS for field data capture provides an accurate and rapid mapping methodology for field surveys. Regional and national mapping of landslides is carried out in conjunction with site-specific monitoring, using terrestrial LiDAR and differential GPS technologies, which BGS has successfully developed for this application. In addition to surface monitoring, BGS is currently developing geophysical ground-imaging systems for landslide monitoring, which provide real-time information on subsurface changes prior to failure events. BGS’s mapping and monitoring activities directly feed into the BGS National Landslide Database, the most extensive source of information on landslides in Great Britain. It currently holds over 14?000 records of landslide events. By combining BGS’s corporate datasets with expert knowledge, BGS has developed a landslide hazard assessment tool, GeoSure, which provides information on the relative landslide hazard susceptibility at national scale.     

Glacier Changes at Svartisen,Northern Norway,during the Last 125 Years:Influence of Climate and Other Factors

The two ice caps of Svartisen,at the latitude of the Arctic Circle in Norway,supply 60 glaciers,ranging in size from >50 to <1 km2.Until the last two decades of the 19th century,the glaciers remained close to their maximum recent(Little Ice Age) size.In response to the prevailing 20th century climate,they have become smaller,but the changes have varied between glaciers.Climatic factors have not been the sole control of the variations.The response times of small,steep glaciers are shorter than those of the l...     

Interpreting the Tyrrhenocythere (Ostracoda) signal from Palaeolake Kopais, central Greece

A long Late Quaternary sedimentary record from Lake Kopais, central Greece, has yielded assemblages of ostracod shells amongst which are discrete horizons of Tyrrhenocythere donetziensis . To date, this species has been little recorded in the region. We provide details of the species' occurrence and ecology and examine its validity as a palaeoecological and palaeobiogeographical marker. Although Lake Kopais has been artificially drained, a continuous record of climate change extending well beyond the onset of the last glacial has been recorded in calcareous sediments taken from the deepest part of the basin (core K93). Ostracod assemblages occur through most of the core, however, T. donetziensis is present only in the lower part. The evidence from this study of core K93 suggests that warm, humid conditions in the catchment may be one of the limiting factors for the occurrence of this particular species of Tyrrhenocythere .     

冀东迁西三屯营地区早太古宙三组片麻岩的岩石地球化学及其成因

冀东迁西三屯营地区的高级变质杂岩,主要由早太古宙的三组片麻岩所组成。岩石地球化学研究表明,较早期的三屯营片麻岩为钙碱性石英闪长质岩石,除U和Th外,它不亏损不相容元素。较晚期的小关庄片麻岩和秋花峪片麻岩,分别为钙碱性石英闪长质和钙碱性英云闪长—奥长花岗质岩石,二者均发生了不相容元素的亏损。三屯营地区的岩石亏损与未亏损是源岩浆所具有的特征,可能是初始地壳形成时上地幔不均匀造成的。     

Integrated Futures for Europe’s Mountain Regions: Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Human Livelihoods

Introduction Europe's mountains cover nearly half of the continent's area (Price et al. 2004) and land cover varies significantly (European Commission 2004). In most massifs, except for Sicily, southern Greece, and the British Isles, forest cover is dominant. In northern Europe, grassland is proportionately more important, and much of the mountains of the British Isles is covered by moorland. In central and southern Europe, arable land is of far greater importance than grassland, with Med…     

彗木相撞的不可压缩分层流体模型

提出了一个彗木相撞的线性模型．在这个模型中，将木星大气看作是一个分层的、不可压缩和无粘滞的流体层，而与撞击相联的引力波则由一个初始冲力所造成．采用初始冲压P(r，z，0)代替初始表面形变作为初始条件．发现这种做法使得问题的数学处理更加方便，特别是在计算流体粒子的垂直位移和摄动势能方面，后者可以表为P(r，z，0)的有限傅立叶正弦和余弦变换．导出了一个联系彗星碰撞参数、木星大气参数和所设初始冲力之间的关系式．还对两种P(r，z，0)的假设形式分析地导出表面波波高．     

白云鄂博地区碳酸岩墙及岩墙旁侧石英岩中的包裹体研究

白云鄂博的碳酸岩墙中包裹体类型有多子晶包裹体、两相水溶液包裹体、含CO_2三相包裹体和含子晶三相包裹体,岩相学和显微测温结果表明,这些包裹体与国外典型的碳酸岩中的包裹体具有很大程度的一致性,反映了其岩浆成因特点;碳酸岩墙中旁侧的白云鄂博H2石英岩中含有大量的流体包裹体,主要类型为NaCl-H_2O包裹体、CO_2包裹体和H_2O±CO_2±固体的包裹体。包裹体的岩相学、显微测温、阴极发光特征、包裹体成分ICP-MS测定,激光拉曼研究等,揭示出石英岩中的包裹体捕获了来自碳酸岩墙的碳酸岩浆流体,提供了一种不可多得的直接研究碳酸岩流体的手段。     

钙长石成分熔体粘滞度和自扩散系数压力效应的分子动力学研究

用分子动力学方法,研究了1999 K下,压力由23 MPa上升到15183 MPa的过程中,CaAl_2Si_2O_8成分熔体的微观结构、剪切粘滞度和粒子自扩散系数的压力效应。在此基础上,探讨压力对剪切粘滞度与粒子自扩散系数之间关系的影响,并将它同微观结构的变化联系起来。结果表明,粒子自扩散系数的压力效应与熔体结构有很强的相关性;压力的挤压效应阻碍了粒子的扩散,而Si-O和Al-O 5次配位体的形成又加速了扩散过程,两种相反的作用相互抵消,造成的结果是在0～5 GPa范围内,Si~(4 ),O~(2-)和Al~(3 )等网架形成粒子的自扩散系数随压力变化不明显;当压力继续增大时,挤压效应占了主导,导致自扩散系数值快速减小。Ca~(2 )作为网架修饰粒子,自扩散系数随压力升高单调下降。压力小于5 GPa时,粒子自扩散系数的大小关系是:D_(Ca)>D_(Al)>D_O>D_(Si)。系统粘滞度随压力的变化与熔体中BO的含量密切相关:BO含量小于域值时,一定范围内BO含量的变化不会对粘滞度产生很大的影响,超过域值,BO含量的微小增加会导致粘滞度值迅速增大。有效应用Eyring方程的关键是方程中粒子跳跃距离的确定,本研究发现,Si~(4 )和O~(2-)的跳跃距离可以通过系统中非桥氧的百分含量来获得。这一发现使得我们能够利用系统中NBO的含量,结合Eyring方程有效进行不同压