科尔沁沙地风沙与湖泊景观演变及影响因素分析

以科尔沁沙地为研究区,基于1975~2015年中等分辨率卫星影像,采用景观格局指数计算及数理统计分析方法,研究该区近40 a来沙地与湖泊景观格局的变化过程,并对其影响因素进行分析。结果表明,近40 a科尔沁沙地风沙地貌覆盖面积呈减少趋势,年均变化率-0.31%,而灌草丛沙丘地、抛物线形沙丘等固定半固定型沙丘面积增加,沙地逆转化趋势明显。沙地景观蔓延度整体下降了2.13,优势度增加了16.55,说明科尔沁沙地斑块连通性与多样性降低。湖泊群面积净减61.24 km²,斑块数减少了66个,湖泊群质心朝ESE方向迁移了35.76 km,湖泊景观分离度呈下降趋势,而集群性有所增加、景观演变趋于稳定。气候因素和人类活动因素是科尔沁沙地演化的驱动因素,尤其社会经济和政策因素可短时间内促进沙地景观的演变过程。     

Significance of variations in the wind energy environment over the past 50 years with respect to dune activity and desertification in arid and semiarid northern China

Climate data from 339 meteorological stations collected from the 1950s to the early 2000s was employed to discuss aeolian activity in arid and semiarid northern China. The results show that at decadal time scales, erosivity varied greatly in this region. Most of arid and semiarid northern China was characterised by environments with moderate to low wind energy. After the 1980s, the erosivity was only 20 to 50% of that beforehand, and this difference had a significant impact on the environmental changes observed during the two periods. The dune mobility index was consistent with the observed dune activity. After the 1980s dune activity decreased and in some deserts with vegetated dune systems during the 1970s most of the dune plinths were active until the 1980s, after which only the crests were active. Some mobile dunes that had developed at the margins of mobile deserts were replaced by semi-anchored or anchored dunes. Because most desert areas with vegetated dune systems in arid and semiarid northern China are used for farming or grazing, the results of our monitoring show that the desertification trends were consistent with the trends in erosivity and dune activity in this region. Desertification was controlled much more by climatic changes than has previously been acknowledged, and especially by fluctuations in wind energy.     

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘表面气流与坡面形态的关系

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘主、副梁和新月形沙丘断面风速的野外观测结果表明,迎风坡风速放大率、背风坡气流的方向和强度随区域气流、坡面形态而不同。迎风坡风速放大率对沙丘形态的作用在于增加丘顶区域的输沙率和活动性;背风坡气流不仅影响沙丘形态而且控制沙丘动力学过程。在横向气流条件下,风速放大率使沙丘迎风坡随区域气流强度的增加变长变缓,背风坡受分离流控制使沙丘迁移;在双向－斜向气流条件下,沙丘丘顶处于侵蚀亚环境而两坡变陡变短,背风坡受附着偏向流控制使沙丘纵向延伸。     

坝上高原近90年以来降水变化趋势

根据史料和降水量资料，建立了自１９００年以来坝上高原旱涝级别（５级）序列，并对其进行了周期分析和趋势分析。结果表明，坝上高原降水变化具有明显的４２年和９年周期，自６０年代初以来该区进入干旱少雨阶段，并将持续到本世纪末下世纪初。此外，还有一些短周期，如４－５年和２－３年等，因而，在今后１０年内，干旱和少雨仍将持续，土地沙漠化也将继续发展。     

库布齐沙漠南缘沙丘固定与活化过程中的形态演变

以1998-2014年5期库布齐沙漠南缘的遥感影像为主要数据源,结合野外调查分析了沙丘固定与活化过程中的形态演变,探讨了区域风况和降水等气象要素对沙丘固定与活化及形态演变的影响。结果表明：研究区沙丘随降水量的年际波动经历了固定-活化-再固定3个阶段。监测初期的片状流动沙丘演变为大型抛物线形沙丘并得以固定,固定的抛物线形沙丘以发育风蚀坑形式活化,进而形成多个抛物线形沙丘,最后这些沙丘又被植被固定,沙丘形态趋于更加复杂。但在此过程中,风的作用并不显著.研究区抛物线形沙丘既可起源于新月形沙丘或片状流沙,也可由风蚀坑发育而成,其中植被作为沙丘的重要组成部分,起着重要作用。同时发现在抛物线形沙丘移动过程中,当背风坡发育滑落面时,沙丘的移动最快。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘形态示量特征及其影响因素

对腾格里沙漠东南缘主要类型沙丘形态示量及其影响因素分析认为,沙丘高度与间距之间具有明显的幂函数关系,而且这种关系所反映的沙丘动态(加积或前移)随沙丘类型、分布而异。影响沙丘规模与间距的因素比较复杂,粒度的影响没有普遍性;背风侧次生气流尺度对简单横向沙丘具有一定的控制作用;输沙率的影响表现在,各尺度等级风成床面形态及规模对输沙率的变化具有不同时空尺度的响应。     

海岸横向沙脊的移动与形态变化——以河北昌黎黄金海岸横向沙脊为例

采用RTKGPS测量技术与方法,2006～2008年连续三年共9次对我国海岸沙丘主要分布区域之一的河北昌黎黄金海岸翡翠岛的一个典型海岸横向沙脊进行了三个横剖面的高精度观测。海岸横向沙脊高程、断面及其典型位置的观测结果表明,观测期间海岸横向沙脊脊顶和背风坡坡脚夏秋季东移、冬春季节西移,脊顶总体向西移动,年均最大移距1．8...     

中全新世以来查干淖尔古湖面波动

内陆湖泊水位变化是对区域气候和水文变化的一种响应,古湖岸堤是过去湖泊水位变化的最直接证据。野外考察发现内蒙古高原查干淖尔湖周围存在海拔为1 026、1 023m和1 018m的3级古湖岸堤。根据光释光定年,其形成年代分别是6.83±0.37、4.26±0.29ka BP和2.42±0.15ka BP。利用DEM模型恢复得到的对应时期古湖面积分别是270、230km2和120km2。在6.83~4.26ka BP时段,查干淖尔古湖高湖面稳定在1 023~1 026m,比现代湖面约高7m,该时段气候相对湿润,4.26ka BP以来湖面持续下降,与区域性甚至全球性气候变化有着深刻的关系。     

沙质草地碟形风蚀坑形态气流相互作用

 呼伦贝尔沙质草地碟形风蚀坑长轴走向呈WNW-ESE。野外观测结果表明,风向与碟形风蚀坑长轴走向关系决定了风蚀坑内部的气流模式,右斜交与垂直气流促使风蚀坑横向扩展与深挖,平行与左斜交气流有利于侵蚀区内部沙物质的向外输送并导致风蚀坑沿长轴向延伸。右斜交及垂向气流在碟形坑南缘产生顺时针向的垂直轴涡流,而平行与左斜交向气流在西北缘产生逆时针向的垂直轴涡流。沿长轴向,气流进入风蚀坑边缘发生分离减速,在风蚀坑底部重新附着,沿出风段坡面开始加速上升至坑后沙丘顶部,在坑后沙丘背风坡气流发生扩散减速。在横断面或弧形断面气流以单增或单减的形式存在。观测期间风蚀坑总体上以堆积作用为主,区域风能大小决定了蚀积作用强弱,而输沙方向与风蚀坑长轴向夹角决定蚀积空间分布格局。     

Landscape pattern change and driving force of blowout distribution in the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland

The land coverage pattern changes for the past 50 years in a typical region of the Hulun Buir Sandy Grassland were interpreted and analyzed based on a series of remote sensing images in 1959, 2002, 2004 and 2009. The temporal and spatial changes of landscape patterns were revealed and the driving forces were analyzed. The results show that all land coverage types had large variable amplitudes. The grassland area decreased, whereas other areas increased. Owing to implementation of artificial sand fixation from 2004 to 2009, the areas of flowing blowouts and depositional area decreased by 71,369 and 128,835 m², respectively. The average patch area reduced, but the number of blowouts increased, fractal dimension increased, and blowout structure became complex. The fragmentation index increased, whereas contagion index decreased. Driving force analysis shows that human factors such as overgrazing are slightly larger than natural factors of increased temperature and decreased precipitation.