库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风速与输沙率的变异

以库布齐沙漠南缘典型抛物线形沙丘为研究对象,选取3个沙丘前端活动区的纵断面和一个贯穿两翼及翼间平地的横断面,同步观测各个断面的风速与输沙率,讨论抛物线形沙丘表面形态-动力学过程。结果显示,沙丘前端活动区3个纵断面的风速和输沙率遵循一般变化规律,即沿迎风坡上升逐渐增加,至丘顶及附近达到最大,并在背风侧降低;二者在3个纵断面上的变化趋势一致,但具体变化形式不同,沙丘表面动力与输沙过程存在较大的空间异质性。沙丘两翼具有纵向沙丘的动力学性质,翼体两侧风速和输沙率具有对称性。该沙丘沙源匮缺,前端活动区主要依靠两翼内侧侵蚀提供沙源。受沙丘形状和植被等因素影响,坡脚及坡下部风速与输沙率之间没有相关性,因此简单的风速放大率和输沙率变化程度无法准确揭示该类型沙丘表面复杂的形态-动力学关系。     

库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面风沙流结构变异

对库布齐沙漠南缘抛物线形沙丘表面气流和输沙率的野外观测和分析结果表明,沙丘表面约90%的风沙输移集中在距沙面0.10 m高度范围内,输沙率随高度递减的形式在沙丘各部位因风速、下垫面状况和坡面形态不同而发生变异。沙丘迎风坡坡脚因出露坚硬、含砾石地表,颗粒跃移高度大,风沙流上层相对输沙率大;迎风坡沙粒沿坡向上运动,颗粒跃移高度减小,风沙流中近地表相对输沙率大;沙丘背风坡沙粒沿坡向下运动,加之来自丘顶变型跃移物质的影响,风沙流上层相对输沙率较大;脊线受迎风坡各个断面地形差异的影响,各观测点间风沙流结构差异显著。风沙流结构在迎风坡和丘顶均遵循指数递减规律(Q=aexp(-z/b)),其中,指数函数拟合中系数a与输沙率具有良好的幂函数关系,随风速增加而增加,但二者关系较弱;b与二者无相关性。背风坡风沙流结构具有明显的分段现象,以0.10 m高度为界,下层符合指数函数,上层符合幂函数。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠简单线形沙丘形态动力学过程研究

采样分析、风沙观测以及计算结果表明,在不同风向作用以及沙丘形态参数改变等因素的控制下,简单线形沙丘表面起动剪切速度有明显的差异。表面的气流强度随风向的改变而有所不同。气流与沙丘正交时迎风一侧的输沙率远大于背风一侧同地貌部位的输沙率,但当气流与沙丘走向斜交时,沙丘两侧同地貌部位的输沙率差异不是太大,这是线形沙丘在动力学过程中能保持其形态的最主要原因之一。风向的多变以及沙丘形态的变化使风沙流内边界层内随高度的风速与所观测的输沙率虽也表现为幂函数关系,但相关性较低。沙丘表面被输移的沙物质的粒度分布与下垫面物质组成有一定的差异,在中低强度的起沙风范围内,被输移的沙物质的平均粒径小于下垫面沙物质的平均粒径,且随风速或输沙率的增大,粒度组成也趋于统一。总体上,地表沙物质的输移仍是一随机过程。     

柴达木盆地西南缘山前沙丘区沙丘地貌形态特征

沙丘形态特征是风沙地貌研究的重要内容。通过野外实地考察及Google Earth高分辨率影像,对柴达木盆地西南缘山前沙丘区风沙地貌的空间分布格局进行分析和描述,并探究主要沙丘的形态参数特征。结果表明：（1）基于沙丘的形态-动力学分类原则,研究区沙丘共划分为12类;从发育规模来看,简单型沙丘占比大,复合型、复杂型沙丘占比小;从形态特征来看,以横向沙丘为主。（2）基于沙丘类型的空间变化特征,研究区可划分为5个亚区,风况和河流是导致沙丘类型空间分布差异的主要因素。（3）研究区各类型沙丘发育规模小,这与沙丘发育时间短、沙源供应少密切相关。新月形沙丘的形态参数宽度（w）与高度（h）之间呈良好的线性相关关系,可表达为w=9.47h+14.89。沙丘高度（h）与间距（λ）呈幂函数关系,且幂指数n均小于1。本研究丰富了柴达木盆地风沙地貌的研究内容,为后续的沙丘发育演化模式研究奠定了基础,同时对格库铁路防沙治沙和安全运行具有重要的参考价值。     

柴达木盆地东北部哈勒腾河流域风况特征及其对风沙地貌发育的影响

风况是影响风沙地貌发育的重要因子,在一定程度上决定了沙丘类型。为探究区域风沙地貌发育与风况之间的关系,对哈勒腾河流域不同区域一个完整年度的风况进行分析。结果表明：流域年平均风速为2.78 m·s^-1,起沙风集中在春夏季,平均风速为7.78 m·s^-1,起沙风事件平均持续时间为4.1 h;流域输沙势122—254 VU,属中低风能环境,风向变率0.51—0.58,呈中等风向变率。区域风况表现有所差异,西部为中等风能环境,中部和东部为低风能环境。从西到东沙丘类型由穹状沙丘、新月形沙丘等简单类型向格状沙丘、金字塔沙丘等复杂类型过渡,风况变化与沙丘形态复杂程度具有一致性,沙丘整体沿合成输沙方向自西向东移动。结合风况与沙丘分布,推测流域风沙地貌是东部山体风化碎屑物经河流搬运和风力分选改造形成的。该研究结果对于全面认识区域风沙地貌分异规律以及理解风况与沙丘关系具有重要意义,能够为进一步研究沙丘演化及沙丘间相互作用提供基础资料。     

巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带沙丘移动规律北大核心CSCD

巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠分别为中国面积第二、第三大流动性沙漠,对两大沙漠连接带新月形沙丘的动态监测可以揭示该地区沙丘形成演化规律,为沙漠连接带风沙地貌发育研究提供科学支撑。通过Google Earth高清历史影像对巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带的新月形沙丘带进行监测,分析了两大沙漠交界处沙丘的移动速率和形态变化。结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠连接带沙丘移动速率范围5.88-19.55 m·a^(-1),平均移动速率10.03 m·a^(-1);移动方向范围109°-135°,平均移动方向122°。风况为沙丘移动提供动力条件,合成输沙方向与沙丘移动方向吻合。受NW、WNW方向输沙影响,新月形沙丘南翼在移动速率增加的同时长度不断伸长,显著区别于北翼。沙丘移动受控于沙丘本身形态,沙丘各形态参数(迎风坡长度、高度、宽度、周长、底面积)与移动速率呈现显著负相关关系(P<0.01)。植被覆盖以及沙丘密度的差异导致了研究区沙丘移动速率的差异。沙丘移动前后,形态参数变化具有复杂性,而沙源丰富度差异以及丘间地灌丛沙包对沙丘形态的改变,是沙丘形态变化复杂性的主要原因。两大沙漠连接带年输沙通量170-521 t·m^(-1),均值为301 t·m^(-1)。     

基于GIS空间分析技术的新月形沙丘表面输沙率模型研究

 输沙率研究是风沙物理学与风沙工程学的重要内容。为了尝试GIS空间分析技术在新月形沙丘表面不同部位输沙率分布及模型建立中的应用,选取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地典型孤立新月形沙丘,对其表面进行粒度采样和风速采样,并对沙丘表面的五个典型部位进行输沙率的采集。经过对风速数据归一化处理之后,根据粒度和风速采样特点,分别应用克里格方法和反距离方法对粒度和风速样点插值,得到新月形沙丘表面栅格形式的粒径分布和风速分布图。利用3种常用输沙率模型分别对沙丘表面5个典型部位进行输沙率计算,并与实测值进行对比。选取拟合优度最佳的Srensen模型,整合粒径和风速分布图,利用地图代数方法对沙丘表面输沙率分布进行计算,得到栅格形式的沙丘表面输沙率分布图。利用GIS的空间分析技术研究沙丘表面的输沙率分布,克服了传统定点观测的诸多不足。     

2008—2018年河北昌黎海岸输沙势时空变化与沙丘形态演变

输沙势的时空变化特征是研究风积沙丘形态类型及其时空变化规律的重要指标。以中国河北昌黎海岸沙丘分布区为研究对象，利用邻近区域3个气象站记录的2008—2018年风资料分析输沙势时空变化，借助高分辨率的Google卫星影像提取同期横向沙脊和新月形沙丘形态的变化信息，结合区域风速、降水量变化及人类活动等因素，综合分析海岸沙丘分布格局和形态变化的驱动机制。结果表明：（1）研究区输沙势（DP）以春、冬两季最高，潜在风沙作用最活跃；（2）3个气象站中，乐亭站向岸合成输沙方向（RDD）代表研究区主要输沙方向，昌黎站离岸合成输沙方向为次要输沙方向，这两个输沙过程控制了研究区海岸沙丘分布的基本格局；（3）研究区向岸的和离岸的输沙势、合成输沙势（RDP）总体呈现衰减趋势，合成输沙方向没有明显变化；（4）近10年来昌黎海岸沙丘整体呈明显的风蚀消减特征，但气候变化的影响十分有限，而人工植树造林、防风固沙活动导致上风向沙源的减少则是主要原因。     

新月形沙丘迎风坡形态及沉积物对表面气流的响应

对孤立新月形沙丘迎风坡风速的野外实测和计算表明,沙丘迎风坡表面风速廓线呈非对数关系,近地面剪切风速和输沙强度由坡脚至丘顶总体呈递增趋势,但同时随断面坡度的增减而发生相应的变化;沿断面输沙率的变化导致蚀积强度的改变,表现为沙丘迎风坡坡度变缓的部位沉积大于侵蚀,其它部位侵蚀大于沉积,其中丘顶输沙率和侵蚀强度最大。在沙丘形态上,表现为坡度减缓的部位沉积变凸、其它部位因侵蚀变凹以及坡脚和丘顶的前移。变凸和变凹部位反过来又制约着表面剪切风速的相应变化。粒度分析也表明,沙丘迎风坡表面粒度特征主要取决于表面蚀积状况,同断面形态表现出密切的相关性。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘沙丘表面气流与坡面形态的关系

对腾格里沙漠东南缘格状沙丘主、副梁和新月形沙丘断面风速的野外观测结果表明,迎风坡风速放大率、背风坡气流的方向和强度随区域气流、坡面形态而不同。迎风坡风速放大率对沙丘形态的作用在于增加丘顶区域的输沙率和活动性;背风坡气流不仅影响沙丘形态而且控制沙丘动力学过程。在横向气流条件下,风速放大率使沙丘迎风坡随区域气流强度的增加变长变缓,背风坡受分离流控制使沙丘迁移;在双向－斜向气流条件下,沙丘丘顶处于侵蚀亚环境而两坡变陡变短,背风坡受附着偏向流控制使沙丘纵向延伸。     

海南岛东北部海岸沙丘的沉积构造特征及其发育模式

海岸沙丘沉积构造中既有大型交错层理,也具某些区别于内陆沙丘构造的特征,如厚层顶积层的保存及变形层理的普遍存在。 本区海岸沙丘形成于东北季风,沙源来自海滩砂。从海滩后滨向陆地的沙丘类型依次是海岸前丘、横向沙丘和新月形沙丘、抛物线沙丘、纵向沙丘、海岸沙席。其中海岸前丘和沙席为海岸沙丘区别于内陆沙丘的特有类型。本区海岸沙丘的发育开始于3000年前。     

Large‐scale patterns of dune type,spacing and orientation in the Australian continental dunefield

As a contribution to understanding the morphogenesis of the Australian continental dunefield, maps are presented of the main types of dunes, their orientation and mean spacing using the best available sources of data. Major features on previous maps of the Australian dunefield are verified and new information has been obtained. The anticlockwise whorl of dunes has been found to close on both its eastern and western ends. Dunes extend as far north as 16°S and over large parts of the far south‐west of Western Australia. Distributions of dune types are related to former vegetation cover, climate, supply of sand and directional variability of formative winds. Previously documented relationships between dune spacing, height, equivalent sand thickness (EST) and the texture of surfaces over which sand is transported are used to partially explain the map of mean dune spacings. The spatial distribution of EST, and mineralogic and sedimentologic evidence show that aeolian sediment in the Australian dunefield has travelled only short distances.     

Geomorphological hierarchies for complex mega-dunes and their implications for mega-dune evolution in the Badain Jaran Desert

The evolution of mega-dunes is sometimes attributed to factors other than the wind but evidence for this is lacking. It is assumed that the dominance of wind in maintaining the evolution of mega-dunes should be characterized by regular height–spacing relationships that have been found for simple dunes or wind ripples which are dominantly formed by the wind. In this context, we studied the height–spacing relationship for the complex reversing mega-dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert, which features the tallest mega-dunes in the world. The complex mega-dunes were divided into three hierarchical orders according to the cumulative probability plots of dune height and spacing measurements, and the coefficients of variability of dune heights and spacings were in accordance with values reported for other deserts. The relationship between dune spacing and height for all the three orders of dunes could be expressed reasonably well by a uniform linear function that was also applied to the height–wavelength relationship for wind ripples in other deserts. This relationship was found to be similar to those for several other deserts and subaqueous bedforms. This implies that there should be few unique factors in maintaining the evolution of complex mega-dunes in the Badain Jaran Desert compared with the superimposed simple dunes and dunes in other deserts, dune fields and subaqueous bedforms, and that the tallest mega-dunes on the earth can be maintained by the wind.     

Controls on the height and spacing of eolian ripples and transverse dunes: A numerical modeling investigation

Ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply increase in height and spacing as a function of time, grain size, and excess shear velocity. How and why each of these factors influence ripple and transverse dune size, however, is not precisely known. In this paper, the controls on the height and spacing of ripples and transverse dunes in areas of abundant sand supply are investigated using a numerical model for the formation of eolian bedforms from an initially flat surface. This bedform evolution model combines the basic elements of Werner's [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.] cellular automaton model of dune formation with a model for boundary layer flow over complex topography. Particular attention is paid to the relationship between bed shear stress and slope on the windward (stoss) side of evolving bedforms. Nonlinear boundary layer model results indicate that bed shear stresses on stoss slopes increase with increasing slope angle up to approximately 20°, then decrease with increasing slope angle as backpressure effects become limiting. In the bedform evolution model, the linear boundary layer flow model of Jackson and Hunt [Jackson, P.S., Hunt, J.C.R., 1975. Turbulent wind flow over a low hill. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101, 929–955.], generalized to 3D, is modified to include the nonlinear relationship between bed shear stress and slope. Bed shear stresses predicted by the modified Jackson and Hunt flow model are then used to predict rates of erosion and deposition iteratively through time within a mass-conservative framework similar to Werner [Werner, B.T., 1995. Eolian dunes: Computer simulations and attractor interpretation. Geology 23, 1107–1110.]. Beginning with a flat bed, the model forms ripples that grow in height and spacing until a dynamic steady-state condition is achieved in which bedforms migrate downwind without further growth. The steady-state ripple spacing predicted by this model is approximately 3000 times greater than the aerodynamic roughness length of the initially flat surface, which is a function of grain size and excess shear velocity. Once steady-state ripples form, they become the dominant roughness element of the surface. The increase in roughness associated with ripple formation triggers the same bedform instability that created ripples, causing dunes to form at a larger scale. In this way, the numerical model of this paper suggests that ripples and dunes are genetically linked. Transverse dunes in this model have a steady-state height and spacing that is controlled by the effective roughness length of the rippled surface, which is shown to be on the order of 500 times greater than the original roughness length, but varies significantly with the details of ripple morphology. The model predictions for ripple and dune spacing and their controlling variables are consistent with field measurements from the published literature. The model of this paper provides a preliminary process-based understanding of the granulometric control of ripples and dunes in areas of abundant sand supply and unidirectional prevailing winds, and it argues for a genetic linkage between ripples and dunes via a scaling relationship between eolian bedform size and the aerodynamic roughness length.     

Origin of a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern, Algodones, southeastern California

The Algodones Dune Field of southeastern California shows a complex and spatially diverse dune-field pattern that is superimposed upon a series of topographic lineations. Analysis of dune-field pattern parameters (dune crest length, crest orientation, dune spacing and defect density) derived from aerial images indicates that the dune-field pattern represents two constructional generations. Prominent compound crescentic dunes formed during the first constructional generation. A younger generation consists of a variety of simple crescentic dunes, linear dunes and zibars. Statistical differences in the pattern parameters between the dune groups within the second generation are resolved through consideration of the boundary conditions under which the dune pattern evolved, and provide explanations for: (1) diversity of dune types, (2) range in implied constructional times, (3) range in crest orientations, and (4) the anomalous nature of the population of linear dunes. The boundary conditions that have modified pattern development include orographic effects, grain size, vegetation, areal extent and antecedent conditions. Topographic lineations in the Algodones range from the Western Ramp, which defines the field margin, to subtle features masked by the pattern of dunes. Imaging of the Western Ramp using Ground Penetrating Radar shows high-angle cross-strata migrating perpendicular to the lineation trend. The most plausible hypothesis for the origin of the lineations is as dune ridges sequentially shed from adjacent Lake Cahuilla, which is the source of Algodones sands. The overall geomorphic complexity of the Algodones originates from the emplacement of the dune ridges during stages of Lake Cahuilla, the two generations of dune-field construction, and the controls exerted by boundary conditions.     

海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应

根据“麦德姆”强台风登陆前后福建平潭岛海岸前丘、爬坡沙丘、横向沙丘和海岸沙席等海岸沙丘近表层的粒度数据,分析了台风登陆前后典型海岸沙丘近表层粒径组成与粒度参数的变化,初步总结了海岸沙丘近表层粒度对台风的响应特征。整体而言,平潭岛海岸沙丘在“麦德姆”登陆前后近表层的粒度变化较小,对台风的响应变化不大且基本无等级性的差别,但海岸沙丘不同类型及不同部位的响应程度并不一致,主要是由海岸沙丘沙与海滩沙粒度的相近性及台风过程中大风的非选择性风蚀所致,同时也受到不同类型沙丘的形态和规模等的影响。     

巴丹吉林沙漠地表沉积物粒度特征及区域差异

对巴丹吉林沙漠不同区域、不同类型沙丘、不同地貌部位的223个地表沉积物样品进行粒度分析表明,该沙漠的流动沙丘主要由细沙组成,其含量可达49.5%～66.1％;沙丘沙的平均粒径介于2.104～2.706 Φ之间,粗于塔克拉玛干沙漠和腾格里沙漠,与世界其他沙海中沙物质粒径相比处于中等粗细。粒径最细者为灌丛沙丘表面沙粒,最粗者为横向沙山迎风坡;分选度好至极好,均为正偏中等峰态。丘间地物质粗于沙丘沙,平均粒径为1.409 Φ,分选较好,正偏窄峰态。从频率曲线来看,沙丘沙为单峰,丘间地多为双峰或三峰。在典型横向沙山剖面上,自迎风坡坡脚至沙丘顶部平均粒径变细而分选性变好,最粗的沙粒出现在靠近迎风坡坡脚的丘间地,而最细和分选最好的沙粒出现在紧邻沙丘顶部的背风坡。尽管横向沙山与新月形沙丘和沙丘链的尺度不同,但二者同属横向沙丘系统,具有相似的沙丘动力机制,因而粒度参数之间关系的表现趋同。从区域上来看,在平行于主导风向的3条NW—SE向断面上,沙漠中北部高大沙山之间低矮“通道”上的沙粒平均粒径存在微弱的变细趋势,而高大沙山区则不存在明显的变化规律;在平行于雅布赖山的3条SW—NE向断面上,粒度参数沿断面方向无明显的变化规律,但断面越靠近雅布赖山平均粒径越粗。一般认为巴丹吉林沙漠是中国重要的沙尘源区之一,然而粒度分析结果表明,沙漠中北部几乎不含粉沙黏土（<0.0625 mm）组分,而东南部的横向沙山区含量则相对较高,这就需要进一步推断巴丹吉林沙漠具体的沙尘源区和沙尘释放过程。以上变化规律说明,除了物源和主导风向等宏观因素外,引起局地气流改变进而影响沙粒跃移过程的地形起伏、植被覆盖等微观因素也对沙粒分选过程起着重要的控制作用;宏观和微观因素共同作用,最终形成的粒度参数规律性在沙丘尺度上要好于区域尺度上。该粒度分析结果,对于分析巴丹吉林沙漠沙物质来源和形成演变过程、反演高大沙山形成机理、估算地表沙尘释放量等均具有重要参考意义。     

基于MATLAB平台的遥感影像沙丘脊线提取与地貌格局表征参数计算

随着现代科学技术的发展,遥感影像为区域风沙地貌形态的研究提供了可靠的资料。近年来,有地貌学者提出了沙丘地貌格局分析法,通过在遥感影像上绘制沙丘脊线,量测和计算得到沙丘地貌格局表征参数,分析沙丘概率分布和空间变化规律、影响因素及形成时间。本文选取腾格里沙漠典型横向沙丘区域为研究对象,发展基于MATLAB平台的遥感影像沙丘脊线提取方法,利用沙丘迎风坡与落沙坡在遥感影像中成像的灰度差异, 对沙丘的沙脊线进行提取, 继而获得沙丘脊线长度、沙丘间距、走向、缺陷密度等沙丘地貌格局表征参数。结果表明,该方法快捷、可靠,为沙丘脊线的绘制提供了一种新方法。     

等效沙厚度研究进展

风、沉积物和地表覆盖是控制沙丘地貌的三大要素。沉积物尤其是沙源供应对沙丘地貌的影响仍有待深入研究。沙丘体积的研究促使了等效沙厚度（equivalent sand thickness, EST）概念的提出。EST研究经历了多个沙丘和亚沙丘尺度2个研究阶段。多个沙丘EST研究发现,EST与沙丘高度之间具有较好的一致性,其与方向变率的组合可以很好地区分沙丘类型,且在宏观上可以表征沙源供应。亚沙丘尺度EST研究使得利用高分辨率遥感影像研究沙丘（山）地貌及其形成过程成为可能。未来的研究应在像元尺度上对沙丘（山）地貌进行滤波,不同滤波窗口所得到的不同图层可以用来探究沙丘（山）地貌的形成过程。