Measurement and modeling of bed shear stress under solitary waves

Direct measurements of bed shear stresses (using a shear cell apparatus) generated by non-breaking solitary waves are presented. The measurements were carried out over a smooth bed in laminar and transitional flow regimes (~ 10⁴ < R_e < ~ 10⁵). Measurements were carried out where the wave height to water depth (h/d) ratio varied between 0.12 and 0.68; maximum near bed velocity varied between 0.16 m/s and 0.51 m/s and the maximum total shear stress (sum of skin shear stress and Froude–Krylov force) varied between 0.386 Pa and 2.06 Pa. The total stress is important in determining the stability of submarine sediment and in sheet flow regimes. Analytical modeling was carried out to predict total and skin shear stresses using convolution integration methods forced with the free stream velocity and incorporating a range of eddy viscosity models. Wave friction factors were estimated from skin shear stress at different instances over the wave (viz., time of maximum positive total shear stress, maximum skin shear stress and at the time of maximum velocity) using both the maximum velocity and the instantaneous velocity at that phase of the wave cycle. Similarly, force coefficients obtained from total stress were estimated at time of maximum positive and negative total stress and at maximum velocity. Maximum positive total shear stress was approximately 1.5 times larger than minimum negative total stress. Modeled and measured positive bed shear stresses are well correlated using the best convolution model, but the model underestimates the data by about 4%. Friction factors are dependent on the choice of normalizing using the maximum velocity, as is conventional, or the instantaneous velocity. These differ because the stress is not in phase with the velocity in general. Friction factors are consistent with previous data for monochromatic waves, and vary inversely with the square-root of the Reynolds number. The total shear stress leads the free stream fluid velocity by approximately 50°, whereas the skin friction shear stress leads by about 30°, which is similar to that reported by earlier researchers.     

Fengyun-4 Geostationary Satellite-Based Solar Energy Nowcasting System and Its Application in North China

Surface solar irradiance (SSI) nowcasting (0–3 h) is an effective way to overcome the intermittency of solar energy and to ensure the safe operation of grid-connected solar power plants. In this study, an SSI estimate and nowcasting system was established using the near-infrared channel of Fengyun-4A (FY-4A) geostationary satellite. The system is composed of two key components: The first is a hybrid SSI estimation method combining a physical clear-sky model and an empirical cloudy-sky model. The second component is the SSI nowcasting model, the core of which is the derivation of the cloud motion vector (CMV) using the block-matching method. The goal of simultaneous estimation and nowcasting of global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and direct normal irradiance (DNI) is fulfilled. The system was evaluated under different sky conditions using SSI measurements at Xianghe, a radiation station in the North China Plain. The results show that the accuracy of GHI estimation is higher than that of DNI estimation, with a normalized root-mean-square error (nRMSE) of 22.4% relative to 45.4%. The nRMSE of forecasting GHI and DNI at 30–180 min ahead varied within 25.1%–30.8% and 48.1%–53.4%, respectively. The discrepancy of SSI estimation depends on cloud occurrence frequency and shows a seasonal pattern, being lower in spring–summer and higher in autumn–winter. The FY-4A has great potential in supporting SSI nowcasting, which promotes the development of photovoltaic energy and the reduction of carbon emissions in China. The system can be improved further if calibration of the empirical method is improved.     

我国近五年GIS研究状况分析——基于CiteSpace计量分析

检索了CNKI期刊数据库中18种地理信息系统(GIS)相关学术期刊,从中选取2011—2015年间与GIS相关的421篇高被引论文作为研究对象,运用文献计量方法并借助信息可视化软件CiteSpace探讨我国这5年来GIS发展的研究热点、前沿方向以及期刊、作者、研究区域和研究机构的分布特点,为我国GIS领域的研究方向和研究思路提供借鉴和参考。结果表明:空间格局、空间分布、遥感、空间分析、移动GIS、WebGIS、三维GIS和土地利用是GIS研究的热点方向;云南、江西、广西、青海、西藏、宁夏等冷门区域的研究价值有待挖掘;大数据方面的研究兴起于2014年,已然成为GIS研究的前沿方向。     

桂东北钨锡稀有金属矿床的成矿类型、成矿时代及其地质背景

在大地构造位置上,桂东北地区位于江南造山带与华南褶皱带的过渡部位,具有独特的构造地理位置。在精细测试一系列典型矿床及其有关的花岗岩年代学的基础上,本文根据矿床类型、成矿元素组合,把该地区矿床分为6个成矿系统:①与志留纪花岗岩有关W-Mo矿;②与二叠世花岗岩有关Pb-Zn矿床;③与晚三叠世花岗岩有关W-Mo和Sn-Nb-Ta矿床;④与中—晚侏罗世花岗岩有关的W-Sn矿床;⑤与白垩世花岗岩有关的W-Sn矿床;⑥与花岗岩有关的铀矿。这些矿床的形成与不同时期构造-岩浆演化密切相关,主要形成于同碰撞挤压环境或者碰撞后伸展环境。     

The continental record of Ediacaran volcano‐sedimentary successions in southern Brazil and their global implications

The Ediacaran is one of the most important periods on Earth evolution, including the first appearance of soft‐bodied macrofossils, major climatic changes and a supposed rise in free oxygen. In southernmost Brazil, this period is represented by Camaquã Supergroup, including the Bom Jardim Group and the Acampamento Velho Formation, both of which record continental palaeoenvironmental changes in a more than 5000 m thick stratigraphic succession. Age constraints are given by seven Ar‐Ar and U‐Pb determinations on volcanic rocks, which bracket these units between c. 605 and 574 Ma, revealing the best dated and most continuous documented Ediacaran continental succession to date. Depositional systems evolution supports a Phanerozoic‐type glacial context during the last Neoproterozoic glacial event and presents the Picada das Graças Formation (580 ± 3.6 Ma) as the first dated non‐glacial unit coeval to the Gaskiers Formation.     

Lagrangian measurements and modelling of fluid advection in the inner surf and swash zones

New laboratory and field data are presented on fluid advection into the swash zone. The data illustrate the region of the inner surf zone from which sediment can be directly advected into the swash zone during a single uprush, which is termed the advection length. Experiments were conducted by particle tracking in a Lagrangian reference frame, and were performed for monochromatic breaking waves, solitary bores, non-breaking solitary waves and field conditions. The advection length is normalised by the run-up length to give an advection ratio, A, and different advection ratios are identified on the basis of the experimental data. The data show that fluid enters the swash zone from a region of the inner surf zone that can extend a distance seaward of the bore collapse location that is approximately equal to half of the run-up length. This region is about eight times wider than the region predicted by the classical swash solution of Shen and Meyer [Shen, M.C., Meyer, R.E., 1963. Climb of a bore on a beach. Part 3. Runup. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 16, 113–125], as illustrated by Pritchard and Hogg [Pritchard, D., Hogg, A.J., 2005. On the transport of suspended sediment by a swash event on a plane beach. Coastal Engineering 52, 1–23]. Measured advection ratios for periodic waves show no significant trend with Iribarren number, consistent with self-similarity in typical swash flows. The data are compared to recent characteristic solutions of the non-linear shallow water wave (NLSW) equations and both finite difference and finite volume solutions of the NLSW equations.     

Environmental impact assessment of risk associated with groundwater overdraft remediation in cone of depression,Jining, China

In this paper, a simple scenario and probabilistic approach is used to assess the potential groundwater risk due to proposed overdraft remedial actions in cone of depression, Jining City, China. Focusing on the concentrations of Chloride ions (Cl⁻) and total hardness (TH), the impact of artificial recharge and reduced pumping on groundwater quality and quantity is analysed by using the three-dimensional finite difference groundwater flow and transport model, Visual MODFLOW, to simulate groundwater flow and transport within the study area based on scenarios, and utilizes SURFER software to map risk levels. Although 5, 10 or 15% reduced pumping with artificial recharge leads to more decrease in Cl⁻ and TH concentrations than the 25%, less volume increase is achieved for the remediation of land subsidence and other environmental problems in the cone of depression. The Cl⁻ concentrations in recovered groundwater are within the desired concentration of 200 mg/l; however, TH in some cases are above the maximum permissible limit of 500 mg/l, with an exceedence probability of about 0.67 for recharge and recharge with reduced pumping at 25%. The presence of fractures and hydrogeological complexity greatly determines impacts of remediation, and the 22% reduced pumping with artificial recharge offers an optimum strategy for overdraft remediation in the Jining cone of depression.     

划分热带气旋风速的新标准——沙弗·辛姆普森热带气旋分级标准

引言这本用户手册描述的是有关热带气旋风速划分标准的改进和应用,该等级的划分给出了热带气旋风速与热带太平洋地区建筑结构、植被及沿海岸受灾害程度之间的关系。最初使用的划分标准是为了保证紧急管理部门能够更好地了解与预报的风速相关的风险,从而针对预报的热带气旋强度明确作出适当的防灾决策和建议。对于大多数人而言,将公告的风速值与潜在的危害直接联系起来是很困难的。例如:何种强度的风速可以掀掉铁皮屋顶、掀翻小汽车、可使海浪越过海堤冲击房屋或掀倒混凝土动力电杆。了解这些问题的答案需要紧急管理部门根据预报的风力直接向…     

南水北调中线核心区土地利用变化及其生态环境响应研究

本文以南水北调中线工程核心水源区淅川县为例,选取2004年TM、2014年GF1号影像等数据,解译获取了淅川县土地利用数据,对2004-2014年淅川县土地利用变化进行定量分析。通过选用区域生态环境质量模型,对研究期内淅川县土地利用变化的生态环境效应进行评估,并采用灰色关联法对导致淅川县生态环境质量变化的驱动因素进行分析。研究结果表明：① 2004-2014年,林地、建设用地和水域面积增加,耕地面积减少。在林地资源演化趋势上,有林地、疏林地、灌木林地和苗圃地与林地资源的整体演化格局一致,而宜林地和无立木林地、未成林造林地呈减少的趋势;② 在空间分布上,林地主要分布在海拔高、坡度较陡的北部山区,耕地和建设用地密集分布于海拔低、相对平缓的东南部地区;③ 2004年和2014年2期生态环境质量均在县域内表现出明显的空间差异,呈现出北高南低的分布趋势。研究期内淅川县区域生态环境质量指数从0.5443上升至0.6039,生态环境质量提高,其中宜林地和无立木林地转化为有林地、退耕还林对区域生态环境改善贡献最大;④ 局部地区生态环境呈负向发展,其中对森林资源采取掠夺式开采和粗放型管理、毁林开地对县域生态环境产生的负面影响最为深刻。⑤ 2004-2014年县域生态环境质量变化主要由政策和居民追求利益最大化的行为所驱动。     

新疆植被变化特征及其对降水的响应分析

针对植被对降水响应分析的多为年际尺度且多用气候影响因子分析的问题,本文提出了一种年际与季节性相结合的时间尺度、气候与土壤因子并重的空间相关性分析法.该方法从降水的季节性规律、植被的物候期角度研究植被的年际、季节性空间变化特征,实现了不同时间尺度、空间尺度上植被变化对降水过程的响应情况的分析研究.研究表明:从季节和年际尺...