2000—2010年亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化及驱动力分析

土地利用/覆盖变化是全球变化研究的重要问题,而海岸带则是该领域研究的热点区域。以三套土地利用/覆盖数据（MCD12Q1、CCI-LC和GlobeLand30）为基础,采用基于一致性分析和模糊集合理论的数据融合方法,获取2000年和2010年亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖分类信息,进而分析土地利用/覆盖变化特征及驱动因素。结果表明：十年间亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化方式主要以耕地萎缩和林地扩张为主,其次是湿地扩张,再次是草地和裸地萎缩,最后是灌木地和人造地表扩张;土地利用/覆盖类型之间的相互转换面积较小,仅占研究区总面积的4.22%,其中分布面积占优势的变化类型为耕地–林地–草地相互转换、灌木地–裸地相互转换、林地转为湿地以及林地转为灌木地等。地形因素、气候分异等自然驱动力深刻影响着土地利用/覆盖变化的宏观格局,而人口压力增大、经济高速发展、政策的颁布与实施等人文驱动力则是推动十年间亚欧大陆中低纬度海岸带土地利用/覆盖变化的主要原因。     

城市规模分布的经济绩效——基于中国市域数据的实证研究

基于2010年市域数据,定量分析市域范围的城市规模分布对经济绩效的影响,并探索最优城市规模分布的影响因素。结果表明,① 在控制了其它重要的生产要素后,单中心规模分布具有更高的劳动生产率;② 随着规模由小变大,具有最优经济绩效的城市规模分布形式存在单中心-多中心-单中心的转变;③ 没有发现经济发展水平影响最优城市规模分布的明确证据;④ 西部地区城市规模单中心分布更有助于提高经济绩效。     

江南水乡游客满意度的多维度影响因素测量模型

以江南水乡实证为例,从资源价值维度、旅游功能维度、心理满足维度、场所环境维度、负面评价维度等5个维度,探讨江南水乡游客满意度的多维度影响因素。偏最小二乘法回归显示,就江南水乡这种特定类型的旅游地而言,各个维度的影响重要性依次是：资源价值维度（0.203）>场所环境维度（0.183）>旅游功能维度（0.179）>心理满足维度（0.173）>负面评价维度（0.072）。重要的实践指示意义在于,对不同类型的旅游地应该进行针对性的游客满意度测评,包括其多维度的影响因素设计,及其影响因素可能存在的不同影响重要性的组合顺序。     

Role of the Wide-angle OBS Seismic Exploration in the Research of Marine Sedimentary Basin

Marine sedimentary basin is an important tectonic unit in the earth, and the evolution of marine sedimentary basin involves a series of the coupling and evolution of geodynamic mechanism such as the crust-mantle, the lithosphere-asthenosphere, the strata-fluid deposition. Therefore, the study of marine sedimentary basin dynamics includes deep structure state of earth, material composition and regional tectonic evolution, and also internal structure, tectonic characteristics and pore fluid characteristics strata of the basin. Wide angle Ocean Bottom Seismometer (OBS) seismic exploration is a marine geophysical survey method originated and developed since 1980’s and 1990’s, which has the advantages of strong penetration capability, high seismic imaging precision and reception of both P-wave and S-wave, and playing an increasing significant role in the research of marine sedimentary basin at the aspect of regional tectonic evolution, internal structure and pore fluid development characteristics of strata in recent years. In the study of passive continental margin, the crustal structure acquired from wide angle OBS seismic data provides the direct evidence that divides the passive continental margins into magma-poor and magma-dominated ones, and the degree of thinning and spatial variation characteristics of crust provide constraints for dynamics simulations of tectonic evolution in marine sedimentary basin. In the study of the structure features of basin, wide angle OBS seismic exploration fills in gaps at the aspect of investigation depth and complex geological structure in conventional multi-channel seismic survey, and acquires overpressure distribution status of basin according to the velocity structure characteristics of strata, and then infer the basin sedimentation velocity and pore fluid characteristics. In the study of internal fluid system in marine sedimentary basin, it reveals the velocity structure of natural gas hydrate reservoir through the analysis and processing of wide angle OBS seismic data, and calculates the thickness of natural gas hydrate reservoir and the content of hydrate and free gas in pore based on the velocity variation. Of course, the future wide angle OBS seismic exploration in the aspect of dynamic evolution and mechanism research in marine sedimentary basin will play a more important role with the development of marine seismic exploration technology, the improvement of data processing and instrument parameters.     

武汉市侏儒-消泗地区农田系统中硒的分布特征及有效性研究

基于武汉市西南郊蔡甸区2个乡镇土地质量地球化学的调查分析结果,系统总结了区内土壤硒的分布特征,并探讨了有效态硒的影响因素以及硒的生物有效性。研究结果表明,区内土壤表层总量硒平均值为0.379mg/kg,背景值为0.355mg/kg,高于全国背景值,存在富硒地块面积约71.24km2,占调查区总面积的25.30%;土壤有效态硒受土壤全硒、有机碳、CEC、土壤pH值等环境因素的控制;不同农作物的富硒水平不同且与土壤背景值具有一定的相关性。这些研究结果为当地的富硒土壤资源开发利用提供了理论上的支撑。     

Two-dimensional numerical simulation of flow around three-stranded rope

Three-stranded rope is widely used in fishing gear and mooring system. Results of numerical simulation are presented for flow around a three-stranded rope in uniform flow. The simulation was carried out to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of pressure and velocity fields of steady incompressible laminar and turbulent wakes behind a three-stranded rope. A three-cylinder configuration and single circular cylinder configuration are used to model the three-stranded rope in the two-dimensional simulation. The governing equations, Navier-Stokes equations, are solved by using two-dimensional finite volume method. The turbulence flow is simulated using Standard κ-ε model and Shear-Stress Transport κ-ω(SST) model. The drag of the three-cylinder model and single cylinder model is calculated for different Reynolds numbers by using control volume analysis method. The pressure coefficient is also calculated for the turbulent model and laminar model based on the control surface method. From the comparison of the drag coefficient and the pressure of the single cylinder and three-cylinder models, it is found that the drag coefficients of the three-cylinder model are generally 1.3–1.5 times those of the single circular cylinder for different Reynolds numbers. Comparing the numerical results with water tank test data, the results of the three-cylinder model are closer to the experiment results than the single cylinder model results.     

多向观测电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物中常量和微量元素

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法同时测定土壤和水系沉积物样品中Al、Fe、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P、Ba、Be、Cd、Ce、Co、Cr、Cu、Li、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Ti、V、W、Zn等23个常量和微量元素。各元素选择光谱干扰少、准确度高的多向观测方式(轴向、径向、轴向衰减、径向衰减),结合多元光谱拟合技术校正光谱干扰,改善方法的检出限及精密度。结果表明,方法的回收率为94.0%~103.4%,精密度(RSD,n=10)低于3.0%。方法经国家一级标准物质验证,测定值与标准值基本相符。     

Late Cenozoic to recent transtensional deformation across the Southern part of the Gaoligong shear zone between the Indian plate and SE margin of the Tibetan plateau and its tectonic origin

Chuquicamata, in northern Chile, is one of the largest porphyry copper deposits in the world; the western side of its orebody is bounded by a major longitudinal fault, the West fault. We report paleomagnetic results from surface sites and drill cores from different geological units at Chuquicamata, especially within the late Eocene Fiesta granodiorite of the western block of the West fault. Characteristic remanent magnetizations (ChRM) were determined after detailed thermal or alternating field demagnetization. Soft components carried by multidomain magnetite crystals in the Fiesta granodiorite were removed by AF demagnetization at 10–20 mT. The ChRMs, not demagnetized by alternating fields up to 100 mT, have unblocking temperatures above 580 °C with ~ 75% of the magnetization removed in the temperature range of 580–590 °C. Optical and SEM mineralogical observations, and microprobe data indicate the occurrence of multidomain magnetite formed during a late magmatic stage of alteration coeval with strong oxidation of primary titanomagnetite and formation of ilmenite, hematite, pseudobrookite, and rutile. The characteristic directions have negative inclinations and declinations (330° to 230°); strongly deflected from the expected Eocene direction. Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS), with degree up to 1.4, is carried by multidomain magnetite. AMS ellipsoids have subvertical foliations with azimuth varying strongly from N280° to N20°. We show that both the ChRMs and the AMS fabrics record the same apparent relative rotations between sites. Although the AMS anisotropy is high, there is no evidence for a solid-state deformation and the apparent rotation of the magnetic fabric is interpreted to be the consequence of small-block rotation. The apparent large (> 100°) counterclockwise rotations of small blocks within the Fiesta granodiorite suggest a wide damaged zone related to sinistral displacement along the West fault. This interpretation is consistent with previous models indicating that the Fiesta granodiorite was sinistrally translated and brought in front of the early Oligocene porphyry copper deposit during the Oligocene–early Miocene. This study shows that paleomagnetic markers are useful for improving the quantification and understanding of small-scale deformation within plutons adjacent to major fault zones.     

Eco-environmental degradation in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and comprehensive ecological protection planning

The regional hydrology and ecosystems of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau have changed over the past 40 years driven by intense human activity and regional climate changes. Annual mean air temperature has increased in the region. Streamflow from the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased significantly. Overall, a number of Alpine step meadows and Alpine frigid meadows have seriously degraded. Degeneration of vegetation and grassland led to desertification and frequently induced dust storms. With the continuous increase in cultivated land area, grassland area in the region has dropped significantly since the 1960s. At present, degraded grassland occupies about 83% of total usable grassland area. As the number of livestock increased, range condition deteriorated and the carrying capacity was reduced. The forest area in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased by 20%, and the local ecosystem has become very fragile. Given the relatively stable weather conditions, the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau can be characterized by its three major ecosystems: grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and wetland ecosystem, which are crucial in maintaining the ecological stability. Changes in these ecosystems could influence sustainable development in the region. To avoid further deterioration of the environment and ecosystems, it is important to establish and implement ecosystem protection planning. Some effective measures are essential in this respect, including technical and political considerations.     

青藏高原拉萨地块早白垩纪火山岩古地磁结果及其构造意义

对青藏高原拉萨地块早白垩纪火山岩15个采点的古地磁测定,揭示了一组高温特征剩磁分量.实验结果表明采样剖面获得的早白垩统卧荣沟组的古地磁结果全部为正极性,显示与早白垩纪正极性超静带的极性特征相似.对岩石的显微镜观察表明岩石未受后期热液化学交代作用和风化作用,这表明所获得的高温分量很可能代表岩石形成时的原生剩磁.其特征剩磁方向为:偏角D=18.4°,倾角I=26.5°,α95=8.6°;相应的极位置为:经度ψp=220.3°E,纬度λp=66.4°N,dp=9.3°,dm=6.9°,古纬度plat=14.0°.通过对比拉萨地块以北诸地块早白垩纪古地磁结果,认为拉萨地块在早白垩纪已与芜塘地块碰撞拼合在一起,而自早白垩纪以来相对欧亚大陆发生了1500±600km的构造缩短.结合拉萨地块已有的晚白垩纪和古新纪古地磁数据,认为欧亚大陆的最南缘(拉萨地块)在印度/欧亚大陆发生碰撞前自早白垩纪一始新纪一直处于北纬12.8°～14°N低纬度位置,并未发生明显的纬向运动.