气—地间耦合所产生的短临动力对大地形变的影响分析

围绕气—地间耦合所产生的短临动力对大地形变的影响问题,简要分析了气—地间耦合所产生的短临动力,根据秦安基准地震台前兆仪器2次受气压畸变影响的反应情况,分析了气压短时间内畸变对大地形变的不同影响,并在此基础上探讨地震前兆仪器对于短临应力影响的反映。     

青海湖区降水序列及其变化的特征研究

利用青海湖区1958-2005年8个降水观测点月资料, 整理出5条(A～E)年、季降水序列, 应用气候诊断方法分析了降水的年代际变化及其突变特征. 结果表明: 5条序列年、季降水量的年际变化趋势大多数年代比较一致, 并且E序列代表青海湖区降水量比较可靠. 多数序列表现出20世纪60年代春季多雨, 70年代秋季多雨, 80年代春夏秋季多雨, 90年代冬春夏季多雨的季节变化特征以及60-70年代少雨、 80年代多雨和90年代少雨的年代际变化特征比较明显, 多数序列年度和冬、夏季降水量增多的趋势与新疆、河西中西部、柴达木盆地相同. 春季降水量在80年代初发生了一次气候突变, 年度和其它季节没有发生突变.     

河西内陆河流量对高原加热场强度的响应

选用莺落峡1944-2004年和疏勒河1953-1999年的流量资料,分析了近50年河西内陆河流量的持续性、周期性、年际变化及其对青藏高原地面加热场强度异常的响应。结果表明:河西走廊中、西部的水资源具有很好的持续性,特别是在秋、冬季节。河西走廊中、西部的水资源与前期青藏高原地面加热场强度存在较好的相关关系。前期(4月份)的环流特征可预报后期5月份流量。多水年新疆脊弱,东亚槽浅,降水偏多,流量加大;反之亦然。径流预报实质上可作为西北地区的干旱预报。     

气候变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压体形态变异及热力原因

采用美国NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,利用相关、合成分析、大气热源的计算等方法,研究了气候变暖背景下西太平洋副热带高压（副高）空间形态的变异及热力原因。结果表明,气候变暖前、后各层副高形态特征有很大的差异,副高体的空间形态从850—700 hPa开始显著西伸南扩,到500 hPa最为明显。各层副高在冷、暖期的形态差异与其周围大气热源和涡度的变化相对应。随着气候变暖,副高西侧和南侧的大气热源在850—700 hPa上开始有明显的加强,500 hPa热源加强最明显,且副高体南侧热源中心有所南移;同时,其西侧和南侧从对流层低层至中高层有反气旋涡度的增大,西侧的反气旋涡度在850—700 hPa增大最明显,南侧的反气旋涡度在500 hPa增大最明显,且反气旋中心整体南移。表明气候变暖后,副高体西侧和南侧大气热源的加强,导致相应区域反气旋涡度增大,副高体向反气旋涡度增大的方向发展,从而使副高西脊点西伸,南边界南扩,整体南移。      

人类活动排放的CO2及气溶胶对20世纪70年代末中国东部夏季降水年代际转折的影响

全球变暖背景下,中国东部夏季降水在20世纪70年代末开始较19世纪呈现东北及长江中、下游地区多雨,华北及华南少雨的特征。与此同时,人类活动排放的CO₂及气溶胶量也发生了明显的年代际变化。文中利用地球系统耦合模式（CESM）诊断了中国东部夏季的水分收支对人类活动排放的CO₂及气溶胶年代际变化的响应。发现CO₂排放量增加后,江淮流域的水汽辐合以及中国南方的水汽辐散主要是与质量辐散有关的动力项及与湿度梯度相关的热力项共同作用的结果,但动力作用更显著。气溶胶效应则主要通过动力作用使得江淮流域水汽辐合,而中国南方地区水汽辐散。虽然CO₂和气溶胶对辐射量及温度的影响差别很大,但通过改变温度梯度,热成风效应产生的动力作用都会导致江淮流域上升运动增强,降水增多;而中国南方下沉运动显著,降水减少,与观测结果一致,且CO₂相较于气溶胶的影响更为显著,证实了20世纪70年代末人类活动对中国东部夏季降水年代际转折的影响。      

50 a来我国东北及邻近地区年降水量的年代际异常变化

利用中国东北地区195个和蒙古国6个气象台站的年降水量资料, 利用EOF、 REOF和分段线性拟合等方法, 分析了50 a来东北及其邻近地区年降水量的年代际异常变化. 结果表明: 1)50 a来的降水变化, 东北演变过程为多-少-多; 华北的演变过程为多-少. 自1980年代起, 东北地区由干变湿, 而华北地区则由湿变干. 2)降水主要呈3种分布形式: 全区一致型; 南北反向型; 南北部一致与中部相反分布型. 3)降水量总体呈下降趋势, 但近30 a来东北北部有增湿趋势, 而南部的干旱化一直在加剧. 4)大部分地区的降水量在1970年代中期和1980年代初期经历了一次突变, 但是变化的方向、范围及时间各地不尽一致.     

ONSET AND RETREAT DATES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE MONSOON INTENSITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE WARMING

Global gridded daily mean data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis(1948-2012) are used to obtain the onset date,retreat date and duration time series of the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) for the past 65 years.The summer monsoon onset(retreat) date is defined as the time when the mean zonal wind at 850 hPa shifts steadily from easterly(westerly) to westerly(easterly) and the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature at the same level remains steady at greater than 335 K(less than 335 K) in the South China Sea area[110-120°E(10-20°N)].The clockwise vortex of the equatorial Indian Ocean region,together with the cross-equatorial flow and the subtropical high,plays a decisive role in the burst of the SCSSM.The onset date of the SCSSM is closely related to its intensity.With late(early) onset of the summer monsoon,its intensity is relatively strong(weak),and the zonal wind undergoes an early(late) abrupt change in the upper troposphere.Climate warming significantly affects the onset and retreat dates of the SCSSM and its intensity.With climate warming,the number of early-onset(-retreat) years of the SCSSM is clearly greater(less),and the SCSSM is clearly weakened.     

新标准下江淮梅雨特征的分析

根据中国气象局2014年印发的《梅雨监测业务规定》中的入、出梅标准,以及江淮地区72个气象站1960—2012年近53 a逐日气象资料,采用经验正交分解(EOF)方法和相似方法分析了江淮梅雨降水的时空变化,并以温度、湿度和雨日频率作为判据,将梅雨划分为典型和非典型两类,对其变化特征进行了讨论。结果表明:江淮梅雨期内,雨日比例减少,阴天比例增加,且发生在白天的降水比例上升;此外,中雨的贡献率显著减小,大暴雨的贡献率显著增加。相同年代际内,全区一致枯型梅雨与南枯北丰型梅雨出现概率相当,全区一致丰型梅雨则与南丰北枯型和南北丰中部枯型梅雨发生概率相近。江淮梅雨的典型程度(高湿高温多雨)在时间尺度上呈减弱趋势,非典型程度整体呈增加趋势,其中以所占比例最大的低湿高温少雨型的增长最为明显,且这种变化趋势在整个江淮地区表现一致。空间尺度上,典型梅雨发生的范围存在缩小趋势,非典型梅雨发生的范围则有扩大趋势。即近53 a来,江淮梅雨在时空尺度上均发生了由典型向非典型的转移,且2000s以来这种转变尤其显著。     

西伯利亚高压强度与北大西洋海温异常的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA海温等资料,采用EOF、相关分析等方法,研究了西伯利亚高压(Siberian High,SH)强度和北大西洋海表温度(SST)的变化特征,揭示了二者的联系及其时空变化。结果表明:1)冬季SH在1960s中后期开始偏弱,2003年后略增强。2)各季北大西洋SST指数(全区平均SST的标准化距平)均在1960s中期后偏低,1990s末后偏高。北大西洋海温三极子位相由正转负的时间在春冬季(1970s初)晚于夏秋季(1960s初),而后均在1990s中期后进入正位相。3)各季偏高(低)的北大西洋SST指数和海温三极子正(负)位相均有利于冬季SH偏强(弱),但前者与SH的关系更显著,且冬季最强。北大西洋北部和西南部是影响SH强度的关键区,但SH对北部SST异常的响应范围在冬季最大,而对西南部的响应范围在夏季最大。4)当冬季大西洋SST指数异常偏高时,下游激发出的罗斯贝波列使乌拉尔山高压脊加强,使SH上空负相对涡度平流增大,高层辐合和低层辐散增强,整个对流层下沉气流深厚,促使SH增强,反之亦然。     

VARIABILITY IN THE WESTERN PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH SEA TEMPERATURE VARIATION CONSIDERING THE BACKGROUND OF CLIMATE WARMING OVER THE PAST 60 YEARS

By adopting characteristic index data for the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH) from the National Climate Center of China, U.S. National Centers for Environmental Prediction-National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sea surface temperature (SST) data, we studied the WPSH variability considering the background of climate warming by using a Gaussian filter, moving averages, correlation analysis, and synthetic analysis. Our results show that with climate warming over the past 60 years, significant changes in the WPSH include its enlarged area, strengthened intensity, westward extended ridge point and southward expanded southern boundary, as well as enhanced interannual fluctuations in all these indices. The western ridge point of the WPSH consistently varies with temperature changes in the Northern Hemisphere, but the location of the ridgeline varies independently. The intensity and area of the WPSH were both significantly increased in the late 1980s. Specifically, the western ridge point started to significantly extend westward in the early 1990s, and the associated interannual variability had a significant increase in the late 1990s; in addition, the ridgeline was swaying along the north-south-north direction, and the corresponding variability was also greatly enhanced in the late 1990s. With climate warming, the SST increase becomes more weakly correlated with the WPSH intensity enhancement but more strongly correlated with the westward extension of the ridge point in the equatorial central and eastern Pacific Ocean in winter, corresponding to an expanding WPSH in space. In the northern Pacific in winter, the SST decrease has a weaker correlation with the southerly location of the ridgeline but also a stronger correlation with the westward extension of the ridge point. In the tropical western Pacific in winter, the correlations of the SST decrease with the WPSH intensity enhancement, and the westward extension of the ridge point is strengthened. These observations can be explained by strengthened Hadley circulations, the dominant effects of the southward shift, and additional effects of the weakened ascending branch of the Walker circulation during warm climatological periods, which consequently lead to strengthened intensities, increased areas, and southward expansions of the WPSH in summer.