广州地区低能见度事件变化特征分析

使用2004—2007年广州地区番禺、东山和南沙站3套能见度仪和3套自动气象站的逐时能见度、相对湿度等气象要素资料,通过对比研究,分析了3地低能见度事件的年、季和日变化等变化规律。研究表明,近年来广州地区轻雾(雾)出现频率总体较低且日数偏少,霾天气高发期在10月—次年4月、7月极少出现,年变化特征明显。番禺低能见度事件以5～8 km的情况居多,东山和南沙则以8～10 km的轻度视程障碍为主;但同期番禺≥10 km的日数百分比增长最显著,意味着当地能见度有明显好转。低能见度事件多见于70%≤RH90%的中高相对湿度范围,RH30%的低相对湿度情况下未曾出现视程障碍现象;番禺和东山的低能见度事件有随RH减少而增多的趋势,南沙则大致相反。对比分析有代表性的旱、雨季发现,(极端)低能见度事件多在早晚发生,日间能见度低值区则一般出现在正午前后,日变化特征明显,且旱季更显著,同时以番禺最具代表性。总体上广州地区的低能见度事件呈逐年减少的趋势。     

广州2010年亚运会会期的灰霾天气问题

利用1951～2007年广州地区气象资料,分析广州地区灰霾天气的气候变化特征,重点研究了与2010年亚运会会期同期的灰霾天气特征,指出:自20世纪80年代初开始,广州地区的能见度急剧恶化导致灰霾天数增加,在10月～次年4月的旱季灰霾天数较多,雨季相对比较少;改革开放以来,11月份灰霾天气大幅增加,1994和1999年分别出现了最多的17d;本世纪以来,11月份灰霾天气最多12 d,出现在2005年,最少3d,出现在2002和2003年。广州市空气质量逐年恶化的趋势不容乐观,珠江三角洲复合型新型空气污染日趋严重的态势非常严峻;区域性特征明显,治理难度加大;广州周边的佛山、清远、东莞、江门的灰霾天气都比广州多,对广州治理灰霾天气形成了压力。     

兰州地区高云和气溶胶光学特性及其辐射效应

利用激光雷达探测分析了兰州上空的高云与气溶胶的光学参数,并用LOWTRAN7定量模拟出高云对气溶胶辐射特性的影响。结果表明,消光系数廓线与相对湿度廓线随高度的变化一致性较好,气溶胶层主要在2km以下,低层气溶胶和高云的消光系数和相对湿度较大。白天,高云的存在使云下气溶胶短波加热率减小。有云和无云时气溶胶加热率的差别在地表处最为明显,中午前后差别较大,最大为11:00的0.096K.h-1。夜间,高云的存在使云下气溶胶长波冷却率减小,在1000m以下有云和无云时气溶胶冷却率的差别小,在1000m以上差别大,最大差别出现在1500m处(02:00～04:00),为0.033K.h-1。     

关于人工增雨的一些国内外概况

本文介绍了人工增雨的历史与概况,分析了我国人工增雨的现状,实施人工增雨的条件,开展人工增雨作业的必要性和前景,并且讨论了当前人工增雨现代化建设的一些热点问题。     

STUDY OF THE VERTICAL WIND FIELD STRUCTURE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH PM2.5 AIR POLLUTION OVER THE PEARL RIVER DELTA IN AUTUMN

Meteorological conditions, particularly the vertical wind field structure, have a direct influence on the PM2.5 concentrations over the Pearl River Delta (PRD). In October 2012, an exceptional air pollution event occurred in the PRD, and a high concentration of PM2.5 was registered at some stations. During days with PM2.5 air pollution, the wind speed was less than 3 m s-1 at the surface, and the vertical wind field featured a weak wind layer (WWL) with a thickness of approximately 1000 m. The mean atmospheric boundary layer height was less than 500 m during pollution days, but it was greater than 1400 m during non-pollution days. A strong negative correlation was detected between the PM2.5 concentration and the ventilation index (VI). The VI was less than 2000 m2 s?1 during PM2.5 air pollution days. Because of the weak wind, sea–land breezes occurred frequently, the recirculation factor (RF) values were small at a height of 800 m during pollution days, and the zones with the lowest RF values always occurred between the heights of 300 and 600 m. The RF values during PM2.5 pollution days were approximately 0.4 to 0.6 below a height of 800 m, reducing the transportation capacity of the wind field to only 40% to 60%. The RF and wind profile characteristics indicated that sea–land breezes were highly important in the accumulation of PM2.5 air pollution in the PRD. The sea breezes may transport pollutants back inland and may result in the peak PM2.5 concentrations at night.     

MEASUREMENTS OF PARTICLE NUMBER SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS AND NEW PARTICLE FORMATION EVENTS DURING WINTER IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION, CHINA

Particle number size distribution(PNSD) between 10 nm and 20 μm were measured in the Pearl River Delta(PRD) region in winter 2011.The average particle number concentration of the nucleation mode(10-20 nm),Aitken mode(20-100 nm),accumulation mode(100 nm-1μm) and coarse mode(1-20 μm) particles were 1 552,7 470,4 012,and 19 cm-3,respectively.The volume concentration of accumulation mode particles with peak at 300 nm accounted for over 70% of the total volume concentration.Diurnal variations and dependencies on meteorological parameters of PNSD were investigated.The diurnal variation of nucleation mode particles was mainly influenced by new particle formation events,while the diurnal variation of Aitken mode particles correlated to the traffic emission and the growth process of nucleation mode particles.When the PRD region was controlled by a cold high pressure,conditions of low relative humidity,high wind speed and strong radiation are favorable for the occurrence of new particle formation(NPF) events.The frequency of occurrence of NPF events was 21.3% during the whole measurement period.Parameters describing NPF events,including growth rate(GR) and source rate of condensable vapor(Q),were slightly larger than those in previous literature.This suggests that intense photochemical and biological activities may be the source of condensable vapor for particle growth,even during winter in the PRD.     

华南区域大气成分业务数值预报GRACEs模式系统

总结了华南区域大气成分数值预报GRACEs模式系统的业务发展进程,系统介绍了GRACEs模式的计算域、气象驱动场、输入排放源、计算平台与产品应用,报告了GRACEs模式的业务预报性能。概述了国内外大气成分数值预报模式的发展现状与趋势,介绍了新版CMAQ模式Ver5.1的化学机理,及其在光化学、气溶胶化学、源排放、化学与气象双向反馈机制等方面的重要更新。GRACEs模式系统预期将在本地精细化气象模式、污染源本地化、化学机理以及初始场同化等方面进一步研究,深入开展华南区域"一体化"大气成分模式系统的研发与应用。     

南海北部气溶胶光学厚度观测研究

利用2004年南海北部开放航次全程使用多波段太阳光度计观测获得的气溶胶光学厚度资料，对南海北部气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）的时空分布特征、气溶胶类型和来源等进行了分析。结果显示，近岸海域AOD值大，基本在0．5（500nm）以上，远离大陆的区域AOD值小，基本在0．2（500nm）以下。AOD值与污染源区丁业生产水平和气流输送密切相关，受珠三角地区丁业高度发展和冷空气南下的影响，在珠江口南部出现AOD高值中心；由于受台湾西南部工业区和东北信风的影响，台湾岛西南部海域AOD值偏大。3天的个例分析显示，海洋上空的AOD值上午和下午略高，中午最小，AOD与大气水汽含量呈正相关。Angstrom波长指数分析显示，大陆沿海海域气溶胶以小粒子为主，远离大陆海域以海盐粒子为主。     

Retrieval of Boundary Layer Height and Its Influence on PM 2.5 Concentration Based on Lidar Observation over Guangzhou

Wavelet analysis was applied to lidar observations to retrieve the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH)over Guangzhou from September 2013 to November 2014 over Guangzhou. Impact of the boundary effect and the wavelet scale factor on the accuracy of the retrieved PBLH has been explored thoroughly. In addition, the PBLH diurnal variations and the relationship between PM_(2.5) concentration and PBLH during polluted and clean episodes were studied. Results indicate that the most steady retrieved PBLH can be obtained when scale factor is chosen between 300-390 m. The retrieved maximum and minimum PBLH in the annual mean diurnal cycle were ～1100 m and ～650 m, respectively. The PBLH was significantly lower in the dry season than in the wet season, with the average highest PBLH in the dry season and the wet season being ～1050 m and ～1200 m respectively. Compared to the wet season, the development of PBLH in the dry season was delayed by at least one hour due to the seasonal cycle of solar radiation. Episode analysis indicated that the PBLH was ～50% higher during clean episodes than during haze episodes. The average highest PBLH in the haze episodes and clean episodes were ～800 m and ～1300 m,respectively. A significant negative correlation between PBLH and PM_(2.5) concentration(r =-0.55**) is discovered.According to China"Ambient Air Quality Standard", the PBLH values in good and slightly polluted conditions were 1/6-1/3 lower than that in excellent conditions, while the corresponding PM_(2.5) concentration were ～2-2.5 times higher.     

华南地区网格化在路机动车污染排放量估算与分析

在机动车数据的基础上,利用SMOKE模式估算了华南地区在路机动车污染物排放量,得到了用于空气质量数值模拟的网格化机动车排放源数据。估算结果显示机动车排放源主要分布在珠江三角洲和华南沿海地区,其中珠江三角洲排放量最大,且在深圳香港、广州、珠海澳门三个中心城市区分别出现了三个机动车排放中心,这三个中心与区域经济发达程度有较好的对应。分析还表明,快速增长的摩托车和小汽车数量对机动车排放总量的影响很大,是造成华南城市空气质量恶化的重要因素。