海口西郊海岸地带低层大气结构研究

对在海南省海口市西郊观测到的低空风、温探测资料进行了综合分析，研究了位于我国北热带地区的海口市新海地区的边界平均结构以及海边低层贴地逆温与内热边界层发生、发展的观测实例，发现观测区在旱，雨季均可在强日照下形成内热边界层，海边混合层明显比内陆地区深厚。     

西沙永兴岛降水的酸度及其化学组成

本文对1987年5月在西沙永兴岛的雨水采样进行了分析。在西南季风盛行初期,副热带高压控制下的孤立分散的积雨云降水中,采集了雨量大于0.1mm的5次降雨。采样点设在西沙气象台二楼平台上,距海面约13m,向西距海岸边约70余米;每次采样用一直径45cm的塑料盆(用去离子水冲洗3次),现场测定pH值和电导率,水样装入洁净的聚乙烯塑料瓶中存入冰箱。同期,每隔一周     

珠江三角洲霾天气的近地层输送条件研究

近年来, 珠江三角洲地区气溶胶污染日趋严重, 霾天气造成能见度恶化和空气质量下降。近地层输送条件即地面流场与大气污染物稀释扩散密切相关。利用2004—2005年广东省466个地面自动气象站资料、广州观象台常规气象资料、珠江三角洲大气成分站网器测能见度资料、珠江三角洲城市环境监测站网的PM₁₀浓度资料等, 使用矢量和分析方法, 分析珠江三角洲近地层风及其对严重霾天气过程和清洁对照过程的影响。结果表明: 2004年霾天气高发季节, 东亚纬向环流比2005年同期显著, 纬向环流不显著的年份, 气流南北交换显著, 冷空气跨越南岭、到达珠江三角洲的机会比较大, 伴随冷空气的大风等天气有利于污染物扩散; 纬向环流显著的年份, 冷空气跨越南岭、到达珠江三角洲的机会比较小, 污染物易于堆积。珠江三角洲霾天气具有区域性特征, 旱季出现最多, 雨季出现最少。严重霾天气过程出现在每年12月至次年4月, 清洁对照过程出现在台风直接影响或冷空气活动频繁的季节。与2004年相比, 2005年的静风频率较低, 且旱季风速较大, 不利于霾天气的形成。矢量和分析表明:区域霾天气过程与区域内静小风过程, 即出现气流停滞区有密切联系, 清洁对照过程与强平流输送有关。     

珠三角地区闪电活动与大气化学污染的关系

研究了以广东省东莞站为代表的珠三角地区及作为对比的粤西遂溪站为代表的海边地区降水样品的化学成分与闪电活动间的关系,以及分析了珠三角地区污染源对降水化学成分的影响,通过进行相关分析,发现在珠三角地区,除了臭氧不明显外,空气中的二氧化硫、二氧化氮及可吸入颗粒物浓度(没有进入降水中)与闪电发生的次数都存在着显著的负相关关系。另外,还发现闪电降水具有十分明显的化学特征地区性差异,即相对其它地区,浓度较高的化学成分其闪电降水的化学浓度都要明显高于非闪电降水,而浓度较低的化学成分其闪电降水的化学浓度都低于非闪电降水,这进一步证明了pH值与雷电活动的关系并非主要由湿清除过程引起,而是与雷电活动有比较密切的关系。同时,通过进行相关分析发现,闪电活动与降水中某些离子浓度、降水的电导率及pH值间存在显著的相关关系,总的来说,闪电活动与当地的典型化学成分浓度有着显著的相关关系,例如闪电活动在海边地区与海盐性离子有显著的相关关系、在珠三角地区与主要由工业化和城市化环境所引起的各种离子有显著的相关关系。      

A STUDY ON LOW－LEVEL ATMOSPHERIC STRUCTURE ON THE SEASIDE BORDERS TO THE WEST OF HAIKOU

In this paper, the observed data of low-level wind and temperature collected from western outskirts of Haikou city, Hainan Island, are analysed. Mean boundary layer structure, generation and development of ground-level inversion and inner boundary layer on the coastal area of interest, which is in China,s northern tropical area, are analysed. It is found that an inner thermal boundary layer can be produced under intense insolation in both dry and rainy seasons, and the mixing layer on the coast is remarkably deeper than that of inland.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS DURING THE ONSET STAGE OF SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON IN 2011

Using the 2006 Global Emissions Data and 2011 NCEP Final Analysis data as the initial and boundary condition, we simulated the three-dimensional distribution of atmospheric chemical pollutants (such as sea salt, PM10, COx, SO2, NOx, O3, etc) during the onset stage of South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon from 25 April to 25 May in 2011 over the monsoon area of 70°–160°E, 0°–40°N. Simulation results shows that, many changes have taken place in the distribution of atmospheric chemical pollutants near 950 hPa and 400 hPa due to the enhancement of the westerlies and southerlies over the SCS as a result of the monsoon outbreak. Especially, the concentration of pollutants over the SCS is much higher than that over other places because of the strong wind convergence near the surface in situ. Moreover, the vertical distribution of pollutants is also greatly affected by the westerlies and southerlies in the onset process of SCS summer monsoon. Meanwhile, the concentration over land is much greater than that at sea in pre-monsoon period, while the difference between land and sea in the concentration of most pollutants decreases greatly with the onset of SCS summer monsoon.     

VARIATION OF AEROSOL OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS IN GUANGZHOU DURING SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON EVENTS

Variations in Guangzhou’s aerosol optical characteristics and their possible causes are studied against the large-scale background of South China Sea summer monsoons(SCSSM) using aerosol data derived from Panyu Atmospheric Composition Watch Station in Guangzhou and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research(USA). The data is reanalyzed to develop a composite analysis and perform physical diagnoses. Analysis of the results shows that aerosol extinction in Guangzhou first increases then decreases during the active period of a SCSSM, with variations in the stratification of the planetary boundary layer(PBL) and environmental winds playing important roles in affecting Guangzhou’s aerosol optical characteristics. Regional diabatic heating and anomalous cyclonic circulations excited by monsoon convection induce environmental wind anomalies that significantly modify the stratification of the PBL.     

南岭山地浓雾的宏微观物理特征综合分析

通过对南岭山地进行的雾野外观测资料以及数值试验的综合分析,得到了南岭山地浓雾和能见度的季节分布特征、雾滴谱微观特征与浓雾形成的物理概念图像。在秋末和冬春季节,南岭山地恶劣能见度出现的频率很高,能见度≤200 m浓雾过程的出现频率平均为24.7%,最高可达41.8%;冬春季节南岭山地出现的雾是复杂的微物理过程、局地地形、水汽输送与影响天气系统等宏微观相互作用的结果,属于平流雾、爬坡雾类型,与辐射雾明显不同,局地山地抬升冷却凝结对雾的形成起重要的作用,迎风坡对雾的形成有利,在海拔较低的迎风坡也可能出现浓雾,从而导致低能见度;南岭山地的雾以小滴谱为主,数密度比城市雾小,小粒子段谱型基本呈下降趋势;在多个微观变量中,含水量与能见度的反相关性最好;雾含水量等微结构特征量的起伏变化,与雾体本身的微物理过程有关外,雾体随环境风的平移过程中,不规则的爬坡、翻越山坡的运动是造成雾体微结构不均匀、振荡起伏变化的重要原因。     

广州地区汛期强降水的微物理特征

分析了广州地区从化测站１９９４年６月份的雨滴谱资料，发现造成华南特大洪涝灾害的６月份降水的特点是：降水时间长，雨强、雨滴浓度、尺度均较大，最大雨滴直径为６．５ｍｍ，最大雨强为１５５．０６ｍｍ／ｈ。另外，按天气系统、降水性质综合考虑分类，把降水分成５大类，提供了一组可供雷达定量测量降水时参考和应用的Ｚ－Ｉ关系。