SATELLITE-BASED ANALYSIS ON THE CONCENTRIC EYEWALL REPLACEMENT CYCLES OF SUPER TYPHOON MUIFA (1109)

Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well.     

老挝南部波罗芬高原铝土矿地质特征及成矿模式

波罗芬高原又名"富琅山区",位于老挝南部占巴塞、阿速坡、沙拉湾三省境内,西北一东南长100 km,东北-西南宽60 km,呈椭圆形耸立于海拔200～300 m的缓丘之上.高原顶部起伏和缓,地表产出大面积第四纪玄武岩,经风化作用后地表形成大面积的红土风化壳,部分地段铝铁富集形成红土型铝土矿.     

FACTORS AFFECTING THE TRACK OF TROPICAL CYCLONES AFTER LANDFALL IN EASTERN CHINA

The correlation and composite analysis are carried out in this paper to study major factors affecting the track of tropical cyclones (TCs) after their landfall in the east of China. The mid-tropospheric environmental steering flow is found to dominate the movement of a TC even after landfall, with the inertia and Coriolis force two other subordinates. A key region is discovered covering the east of China and Yellow Sea, in which the environmental flow significantly affects the movement of TCs making landfall in this part of China. When the subtropical high in this region strengthens and extends westward, accompanied by northward shrink of the westerly trough, the TC tends to move westward after landfall and disappear inland. However, when the subtropical high in this region weakens and shrinks eastward, accompanied by southward push of the westerly trough, the TC tends to recurve after landfall and re-enter the sea at a location to the north of the site of landfall. The environment before the landfall of a TC has little impact on its post-landfall track, which is sensitive to the environmental change 12 – 24 hours after landfall. A 6-hour lag is found between the environmental change and the movement of a TC after landfall.     

斜压大气中环流非对称结构与台风移速关系的数值研究

采用４层准地转斜压模式,在无环境气流的情况下,进行了两次数值试验,研究了台风环流不同方位、不同半径处的非对称程度与其中心移速的关系,以及不同层次台风环流的非对称结构与台风移速的相关性。结果表明：（１）距台风环流中心１００～３００ｋｍ的东一西向和东北一西南向非对称程度与其东西向移速有稳定的强负相关,２００～５００ｋｍ的东南一西北向非对称程度与其南北向移速有稳定的强正相关。（２）模式最下层环流的非对称结构与台风移速的关系最密切。在该层,距中心１００～４００ｋｍ的东一西向和东北一西南向非对称程度与台风沿东西向移速密切相关,１００ｋｍ以外的东南一西北向非对称程度与台风沿南北向移速密切相关。     

利用多普勒雷达数据分析中国华东地区登陆台风轴对称降水特征

利用中国新一代多普勒雷达网温州雷达和台湾气象局五分山雷达资料、地面自动站降水资料,分析2004-2007年登陆中国华东地区的6个台风从登陆前18小时至登陆后6小时的降水结构时空变化特征.环状平均回波分析显示,在台风离陆地较远时,轴对称降水径向廓线呈双峰结构,最大降水位于台风眼墙处,降水次大值位于台风外围雨带处.台风强度越强,最大降水越强,且离台风中心的距离也越近.当台风接近登陆时,其内核区降水有增强的趋势,从登陆前6小时至登陆时,各台风内核区平均降水率的增强倍率在1.3-3.2,且外围降水随时间向台风中心收缩,内缩速率随台风强度增强而减慢.台风登陆后,台风眼被降水填塞,强度快速减弱,同时降水持续内缩,内核区总降水逐渐衰减.此外本文还建立了一个登陆前台风轴对称降水径向廓线模型,该模型能定量地描述降水廓线的双峰结构,模拟结果与实际雷达观测降水廓线的的均方根误差最小为0.46 mm/h,最大为5.3 mm/h.     

热带气旋定量降水预报的动力相似方案

该文提出一个热带气旋定量降水预报(QPF) 的动力相似方案。方案应用热带气旋初始参数、历史过程的天气形势场和物理量场及数值预报产品, 构造预报区域内当前时刻至未来时刻环境要素场的多元客观相似判据。通过定义非线性的相似指数综合评估历史热带气旋样本与预报热带气旋在多元判据下的连续动态相似程度, 以此找到相似样本。应用相似样本的历史降水量记录进行相似指数的权重综合, 得到热带气旋未来6~48 h降水量的定点、定量预报值。预报试验表明该方案具有一定的预报技巧。     

CHARACTERISTICS ANALYSIS OF THE INDUCED OVERCURRENT GENERATED BY CLOSE TRIGGERED LIGHTNING ON THE OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION POWER

Techniques of artificially-triggered lightning have provided a significantly useful means to directly measure various physical parameters of lightning discharge and to conduct research on protection methods of lightning electromagnetic pulses. In this study, using capacitive and resistive dividers, current probes and optical fiber transmission devices, we measured and analyzed the induced overvoltage on the overhead transmission line and the overcurrent through Surge Protective Devices (SPD) when a lightning discharge was artificially triggered nearby on August 12, 2008 at Conghua Field Lightning Experiment Site. The triggered lightning discharge contained an initial current stage and eight return strokes whose peak currents ranged from 6.6kA to 26.4kA. We found that overcurrents through SPD were induced on the power line both during the initial continuous current stage and the return stroke processes. During the return strokes, the residual voltage and the current through the SPD lasted up to the ms (millisecond) range, and the overcurrents exhibited a mean waveform up to 22/69μs with a peak value of less than 2kA. Based on the observed data, simple calculations show that the corresponding single discharge energy was much greater than the values of the high voltage pulse generators commonly used in the experiments regulated for SPD. The SPD discharge current peak was not synchronous to that of the residual voltage with the former obviously lagging behind the latter. The SPD discharge current peak was well correlated with the triggered lightning current peak and the wave-front current gradient. The long duration of the SPD current is one of the major reasons why the SPD was damaged even with a big nominal discharge current.     

数值模式的热带气旋强度预报订正及其集成应用

提供热带气旋强度预报产品的业务数值天气预报模式有很多,并已表现出一定的预报技巧,为提高对模式热带气旋强度预报产品的定量应用能力,分析2010—2012年7个业务数值模式的西北太平洋热带气旋强度预报,发现预报误差不仅受到模式热带气旋初始强度误差的显著影响,还与热带气旋及其所处环境的初始状况有密切关系,包括热带气旋初始强度、尺度、移速、环境气压、环境风切变、热带气旋发展潜势等。根据这些因子与各模式热带气旋强度预报误差之间的相关性,采用逐步回归方法建立热带气旋强度预报误差的统计预估模型,并通过逐个热带气旋滚动式建模来进行独立样本检验。检验结果表明,基于误差预估的模式订正预报比模式直接输出的热带气旋强度预报有显著改进,在此基础上建立的热带气旋强度多模式集成预报方案相对气候持续性预报方法在12 h有28%的正技巧,在24—72 h则稳定在15%—20%,具有业务参考价值。     

拖曳系数参数化方案对工程台风模拟风场的影响研究

基于台风边界层的最新观测和研究成果,提出了最大风速半径、边界层风速比、拖曳系数等关键参数的经验方案,并依据垂直平均水平运动方程,建立适用于西北太平洋的工程台风风场模型,最高分辨率为2 km。通过理想试验,验证了所建模型的合理性,并重点关注模拟风场对拖曳系数参数化方案的敏感性。结果表明,不同拖曳系数参数化方案（增长型、饱和型、下降型）对强台风内核区的风场模拟有显著影响,但对最大风速的模拟影响不大。为验证所建模型对实际西北太平洋台风的适用性,选取台风“海葵”（1211）进行个例试验,得到最大风速的平均误差为-0.36 m/s,均方根误差为2.22 m/s。进一步选取我国沿海6个受“海葵”影响的测站,进行模拟风向、风速与观测的对比分析,发现所建台风风场模型能很好地模拟出台风影响过程中的风向转变,但各测站的风速均方根误差在1.61~6.92 m/s之间。较大的风速误差主要出现在位于台风中心附近的测站,意味着我国沿海复杂地形对台风的衰减作用在模型中考虑不足,是未来的改进方向。      

TERRAIN IMPACT ON THE PRECIPITATION OF LANDFALLING TYPHOON TALIM

The impact of terrains on the precipitation of landfalling typhoon Talim (2005) over mainland China is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model. The simulated precipitation of simulated typhoon (the control) matches the observations closely. To compare with the control simulation, four sensitivity simulations were carried out in which terrains of Wuyi Mountain, Lushan, Dabieshan, and both Lushan and Dabieshan are completely removed respectively, but other surface properties were retained. It is found that the complex terrains of Wuyi Mountain, Lushan and Dabieshan have a significant impact on the rainfall intensity and distribution of Talim. As the terrains are removed, the rainfall is decreased very greatly and the rainfall in inland area is decreased much more than that in the coastal area. Besides, the rainfall distribution near the Lushan and Dabieshan is spread much more westward compared with the control simulation. Further analysis shows that the Wuyi Mountain would increase both the lower level air convergence and the upper level air divergence for Talim that just made landfall and thus it would contribute to the convection and increase rainfall intensity. It can be concluded that the terrains of Wuyi Mountain, Lushan and Dabieshan have obvious impacts on the Talim rainfall, and their impacts are different in various landfalling periods. The present study is a useful attempt to explore the influence of orography on the TCs in mainland China.