The Warming and Wetting Ecological Environment Changes over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and the Driving Effect of the Asian Summer Monsoon

The impact of warming and wetting on the ecological environment of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (TP) under the background of climate change has been a concern of the global scientific community. In this paper, the optimized interpolation variational correction approach is adopted for the analysis of monthly high-resolution satellite precipitation products and observations from meteorological stations during the past 20 years. As a result, the corrected precipitation products can not only supplement the “blank area” of precipitation observation stations on the TP, but also improve the accuracy of the original satellite precipitation products. The precipitation over the TP shows different spatial changes in the vegetation growing season, known as the time from May to September. The precipitation in the vegetation growing season and leaf area index (LAI) in the following month show a similar change pattern, indicating a “one-month lag” response of LAI to precipitation on the TP. Further analysis illustrates the influence of water vapor transport driven by the Asian summer monsoon. Water vapor derived from trans-equatorial air flows across the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea is strengthened, leading to the increase of precipitation in the central and northern TP, where the trend of warming and wetting and the increase of vegetation tend to be more obvious. By contrast, as a result of the weakening trend of water vapor transport in the middle and low levels in southern TP, the precipitation decreases, and the LAI shows a downtrend, which inhibits the warming and wetting ecological environment in this area.     

自适应网格技术在数值模式中的应用研究 II.二维问题

用一个具有解析解的二维动力锋生成过程算例,对比自适应网格方案和固定网格方案的优劣,结果表明:同等误差要求下,固定网格方案的网格点数为自适应网格方案的3倍。从时间演化上看,自适应网格对温带气旋的预报,在同等误差要求下,可比固定网格的预报延长10小时以上。文章对加权系数选取及对解的影响进行了分析,从几个切面的计算结果展示了自适应网格对网格的优良安排并能抓住锋面特征结构。文章分析了光滑性、正交性对结果的影响。结果表明:网格的光滑性影响有一个优化值;在网格适当安排情况下,要适度考虑正交性。     

自适应网格技术在数值模式中的应用研究Ⅰ.一维问题

利用变分原理的自适应网格技术被应用到三个有解析解的问题上,它能根据问题的求解,在解的大梯度区自动加密网格,从而非常成功地算出了激波.通过分析发现自适应网格技术在提高精度、减少运行时间方面显示了优良的性能.     

应用TOVS资料变分分析技术增加青藏高原地区摸式初始场信息

首次在测站稀少的高原地区引入经变分技术处理的 TOVS卫星资料 ,通过动力诊断探讨了解决高原地区测站少、数值预报模式初始场信息误差大的技术关键问题 ,提出了采用TOVS反演资料在高原地区增加模式初始场信息的构思 ,并应用变分法处理 TOVS反演资料 ,显著地提高了高原初始场信息的可靠性 ;并从动力诊断分析角度 ,进一步证实了 TOVS反演资料的应用有利于提高高原动力系统特征的描述能力 ,并显著改善水汽输送通道分布及其层结稳定度等有关初始场信息的客观性     

THE IMPACT OF MID-LATITUDE CIRCULATION OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU ON THE TRACK OF TYPHOON OVER THE NORTHWEST PACIFIC

There is a close relationship between variation of middle latitude synoptic system over theTibetan Plateau and movement of typhoon over the Northwest Pacific.This paper tries to discussthe mechanism of it through the numerical simulation and dynamic diagnosis.25-year statistical results during the period from 1970 to 1995 indicate that the relationshipbetween middle latitude circulation over the Plateau and the track of typhoon over the NorthwestPacific are as follows.When longwave trough in 500 hPa isobaric surface over the Plateau.it isfavourable to typhoon's westward movement:on the contrary,large scale anticyclone over thePlateau is favourable to typhoon's recurvature.We simulated the typhoon under these two flowpatterns with MM5 model.Numerical simulation results showed that:(a)Longwave trough on500 hPa surface over the Plateau makes subtropical high extended westward so as to typhoon southto high moves westward in easterly steering flow.(b)Anticyclone over the Plateau will bringabout the longwave trough developing along the east coast of Asia,it'will usually cause typhoonrecurring in front of the developed trough.In addition,the results of dynamic diagnosis show the physical mechanism on impact ofsynoptic system over the Plateau on the downstream synoptic system,that is,the transport ofdisturbance kinetic energy over the upstream Plateau makes the downstream trough developed.And then it affects the steering flow of typhoon.Because of existence of the high ridge over thePlateau.the energy transport channel moves to north.On the contrary,the trough exists over thePlateau,the energy transport channel moves to south.The southerly in front of trough over thePlateau and the southerly in the east part of typhoon transport low potential vorticity of lowlatitude into subtropical high.That is beneficial to development of subtropical high and affectstyphoon's movement.These results fully reflect the impact of interaction between mid-latitude andlow latitude on synoptic system.     

首都北京及周边地区大气、水、土环境污染机理与调控原理

中国气象科学研究院在国家重点基础研究发展规划项目“首都北京及周边地区大气、水、土环境污染机理与调控原理”中承担第２分项——首都北京及周边地区大气污染机理与调控原理。该项目在２０００年的主要进展如下：１）卫星资料反演技术探讨了利用静止气象卫星ＧＭＳ－５可见光通道的资料反演北京市大气气溶胶光学厚度分布的可能性;利用太阳光度计资料和卫星资料相结合反演北京市大气气溶胶光学厚度的可能方祛。研究城市高反射率对遥感气溶胶光学厚度的影响。利用数值模拟方法（包括使用６Ｓ软件）,研究了在不同下垫面反射率值条件下反演…     

地球自转速率变化对东亚夏季环流型的可能影响

研究了地球自转速率变化对大气运动影响的纬度效应，讨论了其与副热带高压就度特征影响程度的相关关系，分析了其对中国旱涝时空分布的影响，模拟了其纬向分量偏差场，西风廓线“形变”，西太平洋“附加环流型”。     

青藏高原周边异常多雨中心及其水汽输送通道

采用整层水汽通量诊断分析方法重点探讨了青藏高原周边多雨中心的水汽输送结构，揭示了高原东南部整层水汽输送扰动尺度辐合特征及其与高原周边多雨中心的相关关系，并分析了整层水汽通量合成相关矢量场，揭示出高原周边多雨中心水汽源及其多通道的异常辐合特征。     

高层大气三维热力结构异常及其遥相关特征对江淮流域旱涝的影响

文中分析了江淮流域旱涝过程与南北半球经向波列遥相关特征,结果表明,前期赤道地区高层大气的三维热力结构异常与中国江淮流域夏季旱涝异常存在显著相关。进一步研究发现,江淮流域夏季旱、涝年与前期春季低纬高层大气热力结构呈显著的反位相特征,且两者垂直方向均呈跨越南北半球经向波列结构特征,该波列扰动源可追溯到南极冰盖强信号因子。采用EP通量诊断分析可进一步揭示出与江淮流域旱涝过程相关的经向波列传播及高层大气波射线折射特征。     

一次特大暴雨形成中天气尺度和次天气尺度系统的作用

采用中尺度数值模式MM5V2对1998年6月下旬发生在长江流域持续的暴雨过程进行分析研究。通过尺度分离与数值模拟对比试验，着重分析了暴雨过程中天气尺度与次天气尺度各物理量场的结构特征，提出本次暴雨过程形成的物理机制:天气尺度流场与水汽场为降水提供持续的远距离水汽输送通道，次天气尺度流场形成稳定的经向强辐合，为水汽的抬升与凝结提供动力条件；在有利的高、低空急流的配置下，暴雨区落在高空急流轴以南、低空急流轴以北；次天气尺度温度场下暖上冷的热力不稳定层结促进了热力不稳定的发展，促使暴雨增幅；特大暴雨发生地区上空的次天气尺度湿度的高值中心，有利于湿空气在上升运动中释放潜热，形成暴雨的反馈机制。数值试验分离模式初始场不同尺度系统信息，揭示了不同尺度系统在暴雨发生过程中的动力作用，没有中尺度系统的配合，仅有天气尺度系统信息，或只有次天气尺度系统信息，没有大尺度系统的配合，暴雨的强度及范围都将有所消减。分析及数值试验结果表明大暴雨是在天气尺度和次天气尺度系统的共同作用下才得以产生和维持的。